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Jeremiah, Baruch, Huldah10.14.7 and other prophets; then Jehoahaz for three months; after him Jehoiakim for 11 years; after him, last of all, Zedekiah for 12 years; under him, Jerusalem having been besieged by the Assyrians and the temple having undergone burning, the entire nation of the Jews is led away to Babylon, and prophesy there 10.14.8 Daniel and Ezekiel. And after the number of 70 years Cyrus becomes king of the Persians, who also released the captivity of the Jews, permitting those of them who wished to return to their own land and to rebuild the temple; at which time both Jesus the son of Jozadak and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel go up and lay the foundations, while Haggai and Zecha10.14.9riah and Malachi prophesy, last of all, after whom no prophet has arisen among them anymore. At the time of Cyrus, Solon of Athens was becoming known, and the so-called seven wise men among the Greeks, of whom no older philosopher is mentioned among them. 10.14.10 Of these seven, Thales the Milesian, being the first natural philosopher of the Greeks, discoursed about the solstices of the sun and eclipses and illuminations of the moon and the equinox; 10.14.11 and the man became most distinguished among the Greeks. Anaximander becomes a hearer of Thales, the son of Praxiades, and also a Milesian by birth. This man first constructed gnomons for the determination of the solstices 10.14.12 of the sun and of times and hours and the equinox. Anaximenes, son of Eurystratus, a Milesian, became a pupil of Anaximander; and of this man, Anaxagoras, son of Hegesibulus, of Clazomenae. This man indeed first articulated the discourse concerning first principles. For not only did he declare his opinion about the substance of all things, as those before him, but also about the cause that moves it. “For at the beginning,” he says, “all things were mixed together; but Mind, entering in, brought them from disorder into order.” 10.14.13 Of Anaxagoras, three became pupils: Pericles, Archelaus, and Euripides. Pericles then became the first of the Athenians and surpassed those of his own time in both wealth and birth; Euripides, having turned to poetry, was called by some a "stage philosopher"; and Archelaus succeeded to the school of Anaxagoras in Lampsacus, and moving to Athens he taught there and had ma10.14.14ny pupils from Athens, among whom was also Socrates. In the same time as Anaxagoras flourished the natural philosophers Xenophanes and Pythagoras. Pythagoras was succeeded by his wife Theano and his sons, 10.14.15 Telauges and Mnesarchus. Empedocles be10.14.15comes a hearer of Telauges, in whose time Heraclitus the Obscure was known. Parmenides is said to have succeeded Xenophanes, and Melissus Parmenides, and Zeno of Elea Melissus; who, they say, having formed a plot against the tyrant of that time, was caught, and being tortured by the tyrant, in order that he might list the men who were with him, not yielding to the tyrant's punishments, he bit off his tongue and spat it at him, and so died, hav10.14.16ing endured the torments. Leucippus became his hearer, and Democritus was a hearer of Leucippus, whose hearer was Protagoras, in whose time Socrates flourished. And it is possible to find other natural philosophers scattered about who lived before Socrates; but nevertheless, all of them, beginning from Thales, appear to have flourished later than Cyrus the king of the Persians. And Cyrus clearly lived a very long time after the captivity of the Jewish nation into Babylon, when the prophets among the Hebrews had already ceased and their sacred metropolis had been besieged; so that you must confess that the philosophy of the Greeks is much more recent than Moses and the prophets after him, and especially that according to Plato, who, having first been a hearer of Socrates and then having associated with the Pythagoreans, surpassed all those before him in speech and 10.14.17 understanding and in the doctrines of philosophy. And Plato was

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Ἱερεμίας, Βαρούχ, Ὀλδᾶ10.14.7 καὶ ἄλλοι προφῆται· ἔπειτα Ἰωάχαζ μῆνας τρεῖς· μεθ' ὃν Ἰωακεὶμ ἔτη ιαʹ· μεθ' ὃν πάντων ὕστατος Σεδεκίας ἔτη ιβʹ· κατὰ τοῦτον πολιορκηθείσης τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ ὑπὸ Ἀσσυρίων καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐμπρησμὸν ὑπομείναντος τὸ πᾶν Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος ἀπάγεται εἰς Βαβυλῶνα, προφητεύει τε αὐτόθι 10.14.8 ∆ανιὴλ καὶ Ἰεζεκιήλ. μετὰ δὲ ἐτῶν ἀριθμὸν οʹ ὁ Κῦρος βασιλεύει Περσῶν, ὃς καὶ ἀνῆκε τὴν αἰχμαλωσίαν τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ἐπιτρέψας τοῖς θέλουσιν αὐτῶν παλινοστεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκείαν γῆν καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν ἀνεγείρειν· ὅτε καὶ ἄνεισιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ τοῦ Ἰωσεδὲκ καὶ Ζοροβάβελ ὁ τοῦ Σαλαθιὴλ καταβάλλονταί τε θεμελίους, προφητευόντων ὕστατα πάντων Ἀγγαίου καὶ Ζαχα10.14.9 ρίου καὶ Μαλαχίου, μεθ' οὓς οὐκέτι προφήτης παρ' αὐτοῖς γέγονε. κατὰ δὲ Κῦρον Σόλων Ἀθηναῖος ἐγνωρίζετο καὶ οἱ κληθέντες ἑπτὰ σοφοὶ παρ' Ἕλλησιν, ὧν παλαιότερος οὐδεὶς παρ' αὐτοῖς φιλόσοφος μνημονεύεται. 10.14.10 τούτων δὴ τῶν ἑπτὰ Θαλῆς ὁ Μιλήσιος φυσικὸς πρῶτος Ἑλλήνων γεγονὼς περὶ τροπῶν ἡλίου καὶ ἐκλείψεως καὶ φωτισμῶν σελήνης καὶ ἰσημερίας 10.14.11 διελέχθη· ἐγένετο δ' ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐπισημότατος ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησι. Θάλεω δὲ γίνεται ἀκουστὴς Ἀναξίμανδρος, Πραξιάδου μὲν παῖς, γένος δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς Μιλήσιος. οὗτος πρῶτος γνώμονας κατεσκεύασε πρὸς διάγνωσιν τροπῶν 10.14.12 τε ἡλίου καὶ χρόνων καὶ ὡρῶν καὶ ἰσημερίας. Ἀναξιμάνδρου δὲ γνώριμος ἐγένετο Ἀναξιμένης Εὐρυστράτου Μιλήσιος· τούτου δὲ Ἀναξαγόρας Ἡγησιβούλου Κλαζομένιος. οὗτος δὴ πρῶτος διήρθρωσε τὸν περὶ ἀρχῶν λόγον. οὐ γὰρ μόνον περὶ τῆς πάντων οὐσίας ἀπεφήνατο, ὡς οἱ πρὸ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τοῦ κινοῦντος αὐτὴν αἰτίου. «Ἦν γὰρ ἀρχήν», φησί, «τὰ πράγματα ὁμοῦ πεφυρμένα· Νοῦς δὲ εἰσελθὼν αὐτὰ ἐκ τῆς ἀταξίας εἰς τάξιν ἤγαγεν». 10.14.13 Ἀναξαγόρου δὲ ἐγένοντο γνώριμοι τρεῖς, Περικλῆς, Ἀρχέλαος, Εὐριπίδης. Περικλῆς μὲν οὖν Ἀθηναίων πρῶτος ἐγένετο καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ γένει τῶν καθ' ἑαυτὸν διήνεγκεν· Εὐριπίδης δὲ ἐπὶ ποιητικὴν μεταβὰς ὑπό τινων σκηνικὸς φιλόσοφος ἐκλήθη· ὁ δὲ Ἀρχέλαος ἐν Λαμψάκῳ διεδέξατο τὴν σχολὴν τοῦ Ἀναξαγόρου, μεταβὰς δ' εἰς Ἀθήνας ἐκεῖ ἐσχόλασε καὶ πολ10.14.14 λοὺς ἔσχεν Ἀθηναίων γνωρίμους, ἐν οἷς καὶ Σωκράτην. κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τῷ Ἀναξαγόρᾳ χρόνον ἤκμασαν ἄνδρες φυσικοὶ Ξενοφάνης τε καὶ Πυθαγόρας. τὸν μὲν οὖν Πυθαγόραν διεδέξατο Θεανὼ ἡ γυνὴ οἵ τε υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ, 10.14.15 Τηλαύγης καὶ Μνήσαρχος. Τηλαύγους δὲ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ἀκουστὴς γί10.14.15 νεται, καθ' ὃν Ἡράκλειτος ὁ σκοτεινὸς ἐγνωρίζετο. τὸν δὲ Ξενοφάνην λέγεται ὁ Παρμενίδης διαδέξασθαι, Παρμενίδην δὲ Μέλισσος, Μέλισσον δὲ Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης· ὅν φασιν ἐπιβουλὴν κατὰ τοῦ τότε τυράννου συστησάμενον ἁλῶναι, στρεβλούμενον δ' ὑπὸ τοῦ τυράννου, ὅπως τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ γενομένους ἄνδρας ἀπογράψηται, οὐ προσποιηθέντα τὰς τοῦ τυράννου τιμωρίας διαμασησάμενον τὴν γλῶσσαν προσπτύσαι αὐτῷ καὶ οὕτως ἐγκαρτερή10.14.16 σαντα ταῖς βασάνοις ἀποθανεῖν. τούτου δὲ Λεύκιππος ἀκουστὴς γέγονε, Λευκίππου δὲ ∆ημόκριτος, οὗ Πρωταγόρας, καθ' ὃν ἤκμασε Σωκράτης. καὶ ἄλλους δὲ σποράδην ἔστιν εὑρεῖν φυσικοὺς φιλοσόφους πρὸ Σωκράτους γενομένους· πλὴν ἀλλὰ πάντες ἀπὸ Θαλοῦ ἀρξάμενοι κατώτεροι Κύρου τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως φαίνονται ἠκμακότες. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος μετὰ πλεῖστον τῆς εἰς Βαβυλῶνα αἰχμαλωσίας τοῦ Ἰουδαίων ἔθνους δῆλός ἐστι γεγονώς, διαλελοιπότων ἤδη τῶν παρ' Ἑβραίοις προφητῶν καὶ τῆς ἱερᾶς μη τροπόλεως αὐτῶν πεπολιορκημένης· ὥστε σε ὁμολογεῖν πολὺ νεώτερα Μωσέως καὶ τῶν μετ' αὐτὸν προφητῶν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλήνων γεγονέναι φιλοσοφίας καὶ μάλιστα τῆς κατὰ Πλάτωνα, ὃς ἀκουστὴς τὰ πρῶτα γενόμενος Σωκράτους κἄπειτα τοῖς Πυθαγορείοις ὁμιλήσας τοὺς πρὸ αὐτοῦ πάντας λόγῳ τε καὶ 10.14.17 συνέσει καὶ τοῖς ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ δόγμασιν ὑπερηκόντισε. γέγονε δὲ ὁ Πλάτων