Chapter XIV.—Greek Plagiarism from the Hebrews.

Let us add in completion what follows, and exhibit now with greater clearness the plagiarism of the Greeks from the Barbarian philosophy.

Now the Stoics say that God, like the soul, is essentially body and spirit. You will find all this explicitly in their writings. Do not consider at present their allegories as the gnostic truth presents them; whether they show one thing and mean another, like the dexterous athletes. Well, they say that God pervades all being; while we call Him solely Maker, and Maker by the Word. They were misled by what is said in the book of Wisdom: “He pervades and passes through all by reason of His purity;”1291    Wisd. vii. 24. since they did not understand that this was said of Wisdom, which was the first of the creation of God.

So be it, they say. But the philosophers, the Stoics, and Plato, and Pythagoras, nay more, Aristotle the Peripatetic, suppose the existence of matter among the first principles; and not one first principle. Let them then know that what is called matter by them, is said by them to be without quality, and without form, and more daringly said by Plato to be non-existence. And does he not say very mystically, knowing that the true and real first cause is one, in these very words: “Now, then, let our opinion be so. As to the first principle or principles of the universe, or what opinion we ought to entertain about all these points, we are not now to speak, for no other cause than on account of its being difficult to explain our sentiments in accordance with the present form of discourse.” But undoubtedly that prophetic expression, “Now the earth was invisible and formless,” supplied them with the ground of material essence.

And the introduction of “chance” was hence suggested to Epicurus, who misapprehended the statement, “Vanity of vanities, and all is vanity.” And it occurred to Aristotle to extend Providence as far as the moon from this psalm: “Lord, Thy mercy is in the heavens; and Thy truth reacheth to the clouds.”1292    Ps. xxxvi. 5. For the explanation of the prophetic mysteries had not yet been revealed previous to the advent of the Lord.

Punishments after death, on the other hand, and penal retribution by fire, were pilfered from the Barbarian philosophy both by all the poetic Muses and by the Hellenic philosophy. Plato, accordingly, in the last book of the Republic, says in these express terms: “Then these men fierce and fiery to look on, standing by, and hearing the sound, seized and took some aside; and binding Aridæus and the rest hand, foot, and head, and throwing them down, and flaying them, dragged them along the way, tearing their flesh with thorns.” For the fiery men are meant to signify the angels, who seize and punish the wicked. “Who maketh,” it is said, “His angels spirits; His ministers flaming fire.”1293    Ps. civ. 4. It follows from this that the soul is immortal. For what is tortured or corrected being in a state of sensation lives, though said to suffer. Well! Did not Plato know of the rivers of fire and the depth of the earth, and Tartarus, called by the Barbarians Gehenna, naming, as he does prophetically,1294    Eusebius reads ποιητικῶς. Cocytus, and Acheron, and Pyriphlegethon, and introducing such corrective tortures for discipline?

But indicating “the angels” as the Scripture says, “of the little ones, and of the least, which see God,” and also the oversight reaching to us exercised by the tutelary angels,1295    [Guardian angels. Matt. xviii. 10.] he shrinks not from writing, “That when all the souls have selected their several lives, according as it has fallen to their lot, they advance in order to Lachesis; and she sends along with each one, as his guide in life, and the joint accomplisher of his purposes, the demon which he has chosen.” Perhaps also the demon of Socrates suggested to him something similar.

Nay, the philosophers. having so heard from Moses, taught that the world was created.1296    γενητόν. And so Plato expressly said, “Whether was it that the world had no beginning of its existence, or derived its beginning from some beginning? For being visible, it is tangible; and being tangible, it has a body.” Again, when he says, “It is a difficult task to find the Maker and Father of this universe,” he not only showed that the universe was created, but points out that it was generated by him as a son, and that he is called its father, as deriving its being from him alone, and springing from non-existence. The Stoics, too, hold the tenet that the world was created.

And that the devil so spoken of by the Barbarian philosophy, the prince of the demons, is a wicked spirit, Plato asserts in the tenth book of the Laws, in these words: “Must we not say that spirit which pervades the things that are moved on all sides, pervades also heaven? Well, what? One or more? Several, say I, in reply for you. Let us not suppose fewer than two—that which is beneficent, and that which is able to accomplish the opposite.” Similarly in the Phœdrus he writes as follows: “Now there are other evils. But some demon has mingled pleasure with the most things at present.” Further, in the tenth book of the Laws, he expressly emits that apostolic sentiment,1297    [Compare Tayler Lewis, Plato against the Atheists, p. 342.] “Our contest is not with flesh and blood, but principalities, with powers, with the spiritual things of those which are in heaven;” writing thus: “For since we are agreed that heaven is full of many good beings; but it is also full of the opposite of these, and more of these; and as we assert such a contest is deathless, and requiring marvellous watchfulness.”

Again the Barbarian philosophy knows the world of thought and the world of sense—the former archetypal, and the latter the image of that which is called the model; and assigns the former to the Monad, as being perceived by the mind, and the world of sense to the number six. For six is called by the Pythagoreans marriage, as being the genital number; and he places in the Monad the invisible heaven and the holy earth, and intellectual light. For “in the beginning,” it is said, “God made the heaven and the earth; and the earth was invisible.” And it is added, “And God said, Let there be light; and there was light.”1298    Gen. i. 1–3. And in the material cosmogony He creates a solid heaven (and what is solid is capable of being perceived by sense), and a visible earth, and a light that is seen. Does not Plato hence appear to have left the ideas of living creatures in the intellectual world, and to make intellectual objects into sensible species according to their genera? Rightly then Moses says, that the body which Plato calls “the earthly tabernacle” was formed of the ground, but that the rational soul was breathed by God into man’s face. For there, they say, the ruling faculty is situated; interpreting the access by the senses into the first man as the addition of the soul.

Wherefore also man is said “to have been made in [God’s] image and likeness.” For the image of God is the divine and royal Word, the impassible man; and the image of the image is the human mind. And if you wish to apprehend the likeness by another name, you will find it named in Moses, a divine correspondence. For he says, “Walk after the Lord your God, and keep His commandments.”1299    Deut. xiii. 4. And I reckon all the virtuous, servants and followers of God. Hence the Stoics say that the end of philosophy is to live agreeable to nature; and Plato, likeness to God, as we have shown in the second Miscellany. And Zeno the Stoic, borrowing from Plato, and he from the Barbarian philosophy, says that all the good are friends of one another. For Socrates says in the Phœdrus, “that it has not been ordained that the bad should be a friend to the bad, nor the good be not a friend to the good;” as also he showed sufficiently in the Lysis, that friendship is never preserved in wickedness and vice. And the Athenian stranger similarly says, “that there is conduct pleasing and conformable to God, based on one ancient ground-principle, That like loves like, provided it be within measure. But things beyond measure are congenial neither to what is within nor what is beyond measure. Now it is the case that God is the measure to us of all things.” Then proceeding, Plato1300    The text has πάλιν: Eusebius reads Πλάτων. adds: “For every good man is like every other good man; and so being like to God, he is liked by every good man and by God.” At this point I have just recollected the following. In the end of the Timæus he says: “You must necessarily assimilate that which perceives to that which is perceived, according to its original nature; and it is by so assimilating it that you attain to the end of the highest life proposed by the gods to men,1301    The text has ἀνθρώτῳ: Plato and Eusebius, ἀνθρώποις. for the present or the future time.” For those have equal power with these. He, who seeks, will not stop till he find; and having found, he will wonder; and wondering, he will reign; and reigning, he will rest. And what? Were not also those expressions of Thales derived from these? The fact that God is glorified for ever, and that He is expressly called by us the Searcher of hearts, he interprets. For Thales being asked, What is the divinity? said, What has neither beginning nor end. And on another asking, “If a man could elude the knowledge of the Divine Being while doing aught?” said, “How could he who cannot do so while thinking?”

Further, the Barbarian philosophy recognises good as alone excellent, and virtue as sufficient for happiness, when it says, “Behold, I have set before your eyes good and evil, life and death, that ye may choose life.”1302    Deut. xxx. 15, 19, 20. For it calls good, “life,” and the choice of it excellent, and the choice of the opposite “evil.” And the end of good and of life is to become a lover of God: “For this is thy life and length of days,” to love that which tends to the truth. And these points are yet clearer. For the Saviour, in enjoining to love God and our neighbour, says, “that on these two commandments hang the whole law and the prophets.” Such are the tenets promulgated by the Stoics; and before these, by Socrates, in the Phœdrus, who prays, “O Pan, and ye other gods, give me to be beautiful within.” And in the Theœtetus he says expressly, “For he that speaks well (καλῶς) is both beautiful and good.” And in the Protagoras he avers to the companions of Protagoras that he has met with one more beautiful than Alcibiades, if indeed that which is wisest is most beautiful. For he said that virtue was the soul’s beauty, and, on the contrary, that vice was the soul’s deformity. Accordingly, Antipatrus the Stoic, who composed three books on the point, “That, according to Plato, only the beautiful is good,” shows that, according to him, virtue is sufficient for happiness; and adduces several other dogmas agreeing with the Stoics. And by Aristobulus, who lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who is mentioned by the composer of the epitome of the books of the Maccabees, there were abundant books to show that the Peripatetic philosophy was derived from the law of Moses and from the other prophets. Let such be the case.

Plato plainly calls us brethren, as being of one God and one teacher, in the following words: “For ye who are in the state are entirely brethren (as we shall say to them, continuing our story). But the God who formed you, mixed gold in the composition of those of you who are fit to rule, at your birth, wherefore you are most highly honoured; and silver in the case of those who are helpers; and steel and brass in the case of farmers and other workers.” Whence, of necessity, some embrace and love those things to which knowledge pertains; and others matters of opinion. Perchance he prophesies of that elect nature which is bent on knowledge; if by the supposition he makes of three natures he does not describe three politics, as some supposed: that of the Jews, the silver; that of the Greeks, the third; and that of the Christians, with whom has been mingled the regal gold, the Holy Spirit, the golden.1303    τὴν χρυσῆν is supplied, according to a very probably conjecture.

And exhibiting the Christian life, he writes in the Theætetus in these words: “Let us now speak of the highest principles. For why should we speak of those who make an abuse of philosophy? These know neither the way to the forum, nor know they the court or the senate-house, or any other public assembly of the state. As for laws and decrees spoken or1304    “Spoken or” supplied from Plato and Eusebius. written, they neither see nor hear them. But party feelings of political associations and public meetings, and revels with musicians [occupy them]; but they never even dream of taking part in affairs. Has any one conducted himself either well or ill in the state, or has aught evil descended to a man from his forefathers?—it escapes their attention as much as do the sands of the sea. And the man does not even know that he does not know all these things; but in reality his body alone is situated and dwells in the state,1305    μόνον ἐν τῇ πόλει is here supplied from Plato. [Note in Migne.] while the man himself flies, according to Pindar, beneath the earth and above the sky, astronomizing, and exploring all nature on all sides.

Again, with the Lord’s saying, “Let your yea be yea, and your nay nay,” may be compared the following: “But to admit a falsehood, and destroy a truth, is in nowise lawful.” With the prohibition, also, against swearing agrees the saying in the tenth book of the Laws: “Let praise and an oath in everything be absent.”

And in general, Pythagoras, and Socrates, and Plato say that they hear God’s voice while closely contemplating the fabric of the universe, made and preserved unceasingly by God. For they heard Moses say, “He said, and it was done,” describing the word of God as an act.

And founding on the formation of man from the dust, the philosophers constantly term the body earthy. Homer, too, does not hesitate to put the following as an imprecation:—

As Esaias says, “And trample them down as clay.” And Callimachus clearly writes:—

And the same again:—

Hesiod says of Pandora:—

The Stoics, accordingly, define nature to be artificial fire, advancing systematically to generation. And God and His Word are by Scripture figuratively termed fire and light. But how? Does not Homer himself, is not Homer himself, paraphrasing the retreat of the water from the land, and the clear uncovering of the dry land, when he says of Tethys and Oceanus:—

Again, power in all things is by the most intellectual among the Greeks ascribed to God; Epicharmus—he was a Pythagorean—saying:—

And the lyric poet:—

He alone who is able to make night during the period of day is God.

In the Phœnomena Aratus writes thus:—

He adds:—

that is, by creation.

And before him, Homer, framing the world in accordance with Moses on the Vulcan-wrought shield, says:—

For the Zeus celebrated in poems and prose compositions leads the mind up to God. And already, so to speak, Democritus writes, “that a few men are in the light, who stretch out their hands to that place which we Greeks now call the air. Zeus speaks all, and he hears all, and distributes and takes away, and he is king of all.” And more mystically the Bœotian Pindar, being a Pythagorean, says:—

that is, of matter: and names the one creator of these things, whom he calls Father, chief artificer, who furnishes the means of advancement on to divinity, according to merit.

For I pass over Plato; he plainly, in the Epistle to Erastus and Coriscus, is seen to exhibit the Father and Son somehow or other from the Hebrew Scriptures, exhorting in these words: “In invoking by oath, with not illiterate gravity, and with culture, the sister of gravity, God the author of all, and invoking Him by oath as the Lord, the Father of the Leader, and author; whom if ye study with a truly philosophical spirit, ye shall know.” And the address in the Timœus calls the creator, Father, speaking thus: “Ye gods of gods, of whom I am Father; and the Creator of your works.” So that when he says, “Around the king of all, all things are, and because of Him are all things; and he [or that] is the cause of all good things; and around the second are the things second in order; and around the third, the third,” I understand nothing else than the Holy Trinity to be meant; for the third is the Holy Spirit, and the Son is the second, by whom all things were made according to the will of the Father.1308    [On the Faith, see p. 444, note 6, supra.]

And the same, in the tenth book of the Republic, mentions Eros the son of Armenius, who is Zoroaster. Zoroaster, then, writes: “These were composed by Zoroaster, the son of Armenius, a Pamphylian by birth: having died in battle, and been in Hades, I learned them of the gods.” This Zoroaster, Plato says, having been placed on the funeral pyre, rose again to life in twelve days. He alludes perchance to the resurrection, or perchance to the fact that the path for souls to ascension lies through the twelve signs of the zodiac; and he himself says, that the descending pathway to birth is the same. In the same way we are to understand the twelve labours of Hercules, after which the soul obtains release from this entire world.

I do not pass over Empedocles, who speaks thus physically of the renewal of all things, as consisting in a transmutation into the essence of fire, which is to take place. And most plainly of the same opinion is Heraclitus of Ephesus, who considered that there was a world everlasting, and recognised one perishable—that is, in its arrangement, not being different from the former, viewed in a certain aspect. But that he knew the imperishable world which consists of the universal essence to be everlastingly of a certain nature, he makes clear by speaking thus: “The same world of all things, neither any of the gods, nor any one of men, made. But there was, and is, and will be ever-living fire, kindled according to measure,1309    Μέτρα is the reading of the text, but is plainly an error for μέτρῳ, which is the reading of Eusebius. and quenched according to measure.” And that he taught it to be generated and perishable, is shown by what follows: “There are transmutations of fire,—first, the sea; and of the sea the half is land, the half fiery vapour.” For he says that these are the effects of power. For fire is by the Word of God, which governs all things, changed by the air into moisture, which is, as it were, the germ of cosmical change; and this he calls sea. And out of it again is produced earth, and sky, and all that they contain. How, again, they are restored and ignited, he shows clearly in these words: “The sea is diffused and measured according to the same rule which subsisted before it became earth.” Similarly also respecting the other elements, the same is to be understood. The most renowned of the Stoics teach similar doctrines with him, in treating of the conflagration and the government of the world, and both the world and man properly so called, and of the continuance of our souls.

Plato, again, in the seventh book of the Republic, has called “the day here nocturnal,” as I suppose, on account of “the world-rulers of this darkness;”1310    Eph. vi. 12. and the descent of the soul into the body, sleep and death, similarly with Heraclitus. And was not this announced, oracularly, of the Saviour, by the Spirit, saying by David, “I slept, and slumbered; I awoke: for the Lord will sustain me;“1311    Ps. iii. 5. For He not only figuratively calls the resurrection of Christ rising from sleep; but to the descent of the Lord into the flesh he also applies the figurative term sleep. The Saviour Himself enjoins, “Watch;”1312    Matt. xxiv. 42, etc. as much as to say, “Study how to live, and endeavour to separate the soul from the body.”

And the Lord’s day Plato prophetically speaks of in the tenth book of the Republic, in these words: “And when seven days have passed to each of them in the meadow, on the eighth they are to set out and arrive in four days.”1313    [The bearing of this passage on questions of Sabbatical and Dominical observances, needs only to be indicated.] By the meadow is to be understood the fixed sphere, as being a mild and genial spot, and the locality of the pious; and by the seven days each motion of the seven planets, and the whole practical art which speeds to the end of rest. But after the wandering orbs the journey leads to heaven, that is, to the eighth motion and day. And he says that souls are gone on the fourth day, pointing out the passage through the four elements. But the seventh day is recognised as sacred, not by the Hebrews only, but also by the Greeks; according to which the whole world of all animals and plants revolve. Hesiod says of it:—

And again:—

And Homer:—

And:—

And again:—

And again:—

Callimachus the poet also writes:—

And again:—

And:—

And:—

The Elegies of Solon, too, intensely deify the seventh day.

And how? Is it not similar to Scripture when it says, “Let us remove the righteous man from us, because he is troublesome to us?”1314    Wisd. ii. 12. when Plato, all but predicting the economy of salvation, says in the second book of the Republic as follows: “Thus he who is constituted just shall be scourged, shall be stretched on the rack, shall be bound, have his eyes put out; and at last, having suffered all evils, shall be crucified.”1315    [See Leighton, Works, vol. v. p. 62, the very rich and copious note of the editor, William West, of Nairn, Scotland. Elucidation IX.]

And the Socratic Antisthenes, paraphrasing that prophetic utterance, “To whom have ye likened me? saith the Lord,”1316    Isa. xl. 18, 25. says that “God is like no one; wherefore no one can come to the knowledge of Him from an image.”

Xenophon too, the Athenian, utters these similar sentiments in the following words: “He who shakes all things, and is Himself immoveable, is manifestly one great and powerful. But what He is in form, appears not. No more does the sun, who wishes to shine in all directions, deem it right to permit any one to look on himself. But if one gaze on him audaciously, he loses his eyesight.”

the Sibyl had said before. Rightly, then, Xenophanes of Colophon, teaching that God is one and incorporeal, adds:—

And again:—

And again:—

Let us hear, then, the lyric poet Bacchylides speaking of the divine:—

And also Cleanthes, the Stoic, who writes thus in a poem on the Deity:1318    Quoted in Exhortation to the Heathen, p. 192, ante, and is here corrected from the text there.—

And the same, tacitly vilifying the idolatry of the multitude, adds:—

We are not, then, to think of God according to the opinion of the multitude.

says Amphion to Antiope. And Sophocles plainly writes:—

He further proceeds, and adds:—

Then he details still more plainly the licentiousness of the fabled Zeus:—

But let these be resigned to the follies of the theatre.

Heraclius plainly says: “But of the word which is eternal men are not able to understand, both before they have heard it, and on first hearing it.” And the lyrist Melanippides says in song:—

And Parmenides the great, as Plato says in the Sophist, writes of God thus:—

Hesiod also says:—

Nay more, Tragedy, drawing away from idols, teaches to look up to heaven. Sophocles, as Hecatæus, who composed the histories in the work about Abraham and the Egyptians, says, exclaims plainly on the stage:—

And Euripides on the stage, in tragedy, says:—

And in the drama of Pirithous, the same writes those lines in tragic vein:—

For there he says that the creative mind is self-sprung. What follows applies to the universe, in which are the opposites of light and darkness.

Æschylus also, the son of Euphorion, says with very great solemnity of God:—

I am aware that Plato assents to Heraclitus, who writes: “The one thing that is wise alone will not be expressed, and means the name of Zeus.” And again, “Law is to obey the will of one.” And if you wish to adduce that saying, “He that hath ears to hear, let him hear,” you will find it expressed by the Ephesian1320    Heraclitus to the following effect: “Those that hear without understanding are like the deaf. The proverb witnesses against them, that when present they are absent.”

But do you want to hear from the Greeks expressly of one first principle? Timæus the Locrian, in the work on Nature, shall testify in the following words: “There is one first principle of all things unoriginated. For were it originated, it would be no longer the first principle; but the first principle would be that from which it originated.” For this true opinion was derived from what follows: “Hear,” it is said, “O Israel; the Lord thy God is one, and Him only shalt thou serve.”1321    Deut vi. 4.

says the Sibyl.

Homer also manifestly mentions the Father and the Son by a happy hit of divination in the following words:—

And before him Orpheus said, speaking of the point in hand:—

And Xenocrates the Chalcedonian, who mentions the supreme Zeus and the inferior Zeus, leaves an indication of the Father and the Son. Homer, while representing the gods as subject to human passions, appears to know the Divine Being, whom Epicurus does not so revere. He says accordingly:—

For he shows that the Divinity cannot be captured by a mortal, or apprehended either with feet, or hands, or eyes, or by the body at all. “To whom have ye likened the Lord? or to what likeness have ye likened Him?” says the Scripture.1326    Isa. xl. 18, 25. Has not the artificer made the image? or the goldsmith, melting the gold, has gilded it, and what follows.

The comic poet Epicharmus speaks in the Republic clearly of the Word in the following terms:—

He then adds expressly:—

Then:—

The Spirit also cries by Isaiah: “Wherefore the multitude of sacrifices? saith the Lord. I am full of holocausts of rams, and the fat of lambs and the blood of bulls I wish not;” and a little after adds: “Wash you, and be clean. Put away wickedness from your souls,”1329    Isa. i. 11, 16. and so forth.

Menander, the comic poet, writes in these very words:—

“I am a God at hand,” it is said by Jeremiah,1331    Jer. xxiii. 23, 24. “and not a God afar off. Shall a man do aught in secret places, and I shall not see him?”

And again Menander, paraphrasing that Scripture, “Sacrifice a sacrifice of righteousness, and trust in the Lord,”1332    Ps. iv. 5. thus writes:—

“Whilst thou art yet speaking,” says the Scripture, “I will say, Lo, here I am.”1334    Isa. lxv. 24.

Again Diphilus, the comic poet, discourses as, follows on the judgment:—

And with this agrees the tragedy1336    Ascribed by Justin to Sophocles. in the following lines:—

And after a little he adds:—

We shall find expressions similar to these also in the Orphic hymns, written as follows:—

And if we live throughout holily and righteously, we are happy here, and shall be happier after our departure hence; not possessing happiness for a time, but enabled to rest in eternity.

says the philosophic poetry of Empedocles. And so, according to the Greeks, none is so great as to be above judgment, none so insignificant as to escape its notice.

And the same Orpheus speaks thus:—

And again, respecting God, saying that He was invisible, and that He was known to but one, a Chaldean by race—meaning either by this Abraham or his son—he speaks as follows:—

Then, as if paraphrasing the expression, “Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool,”1339    Isa. lxvi. 1. he adds:—

And so forth. For in these he indicates these prophetic utterances: “If Thou openest the heaven, trembling shall seize the mountains from Thy presence; and they shall melt, as wax melteth before the fire;”1340    Isa. lxiv. 1, 2; xl. 12. and in Isaiah, “Who hath measured the heaven with a span, and the whole earth with His fist?1341    [On the Orphica, see Lewis’ Plato cont. Ath., p. 99.] Again, when it is said:—

Then he adds, naming expressly the Almighty God:—

By the expression “Sire of our Mother” (μητροπάτωρ) he not only intimates creation out of nothing, but gives occasion to those who introduce emissions of imagining a consort of the Deity. And he paraphrases those prophetic Scripture—that in Isaiah, “I am He that fixes the thunder, and creates the wind; whose hands have founded the host of heaven;”1342    Amos iv. 13. and that in Moses, “Behold, behold that I am He, and there is no god beside me: I will kill, and I will make to live; I will smite, and I will heal: and there is none that shall deliver out of my hands.”1343    Deut. xxxii. 39.

according to Orpheus.

Such also are the words of the Parian Archilochus.

Again let the Thracian Orpheus sing to us:—

These are plainly derived from the following: “The Lord will save the inhabited cities, and grasp the whole land in His hand like a nest;”1345    Isa. x. 14. “It is the Lord that made the earth by His power,” as saith Jeremiah, “and set up the earth by His wisdom.”1346    Jer. x. 12. Further, in addition to these, Phocylides, who calls the angels demons, explains in the following words that some of them are good, and others bad (for we also have learned that some are apostate):—

Rightly, then, also Philemon, the comic poet demolishes idolatry in these words:—

And Sophocles the tragedian says:—

And Orpheus:—

And so forth.

Pindar, the lyric poet, as if in Bacchic frenzy, plainly says:—

And again:—

And when he says,—

he drew the thought from the following: “Who hath known the mind of the Lord, or who was His counsellor?”1347    Isa. xl. 13. Hesiod, too, agrees with what is said above, in what he writes:—

Similarly, then, Solon the Athenian, in the Elegies, following Hesiod, writes:—

Again Moses, having prophesied that the woman would bring forth in trouble and pain, on account of transgression, a poet not undistinguished writes:—

Further, when Homer says,—

he intimates that God is just.

And Menander, the comic poet, in exhibiting God, says:—

Then he adds:—

meaning either “that every one good is God,” or, what is preferable, “that God in all things is good.”

Again, Æschylus the tragedian, setting forth the power of God, does not shrink from calling Him the Highest, in these words:—

Does he not seem to you to paraphrase that text, “At the presence of the Lord the earth trembles?”1350    Ps. lxviii. 8. [Comp. Coleridge’s Hymn in Chamounix.] In addition to these, the most prophetic Apollo is compelled—thus testifying to the glory of God—to say of Athene, when the Medes made war against Greece, that she besought and supplicated Zeus for Attica. The oracle is as follows:—

and so forth.

Thearidas, in his book On Nature, writes: “There was then one really true beginning [first principle] of all that exist”—one. For that Being in the beginning is one and alone.”

says Orpheus. In accordance with whom, the comic poet Diphilus says very sententiously,1352   γνωμικώτατα. Eusebius reads γενιικώτατον, agreeing with πατἐρα. the

Rightly therefore Plato “accustoms the best natures to attain to that study which formerly we said was the highest, both to see the good and to accomplish that ascent. And this, as appears, is not the throwing of the potsherds;1353    A game in which a potsherd with a black and white side was cast on a line; and as the black or white turned up, one of the players fled and the other pursued. but the turning round of the soul from a nocturnal day to that which is a true return to that which really is, which we shall assert to be the true philosophy.” Such as are partakers of this he judges1354    Eusebius has κρίνει, which we have adopted, for κρίνειν of the text. to belong to the golden race, when he says: “Ye are all brethren; and those who are of the golden race are most capable of judging most accurately in every respect.”1355    Plato, Rep., book vii.

The Father, then, and Maker of all things is apprehended by all things, agreeably to all, by innate power and without teaching,—things inanimate, sympathizing with the animate creation; and of living beings some are already immoral, working in the light of day. But of those that are still mortal, some are in fear, and carried still in their mother’s womb; and others regulate themselves by their own independent reason. And of men all are Greeks and Barbarians. But no race anywhere of tillers of the soil, or nomads, and not even of dwellers in cities, can live, without being imbued with the faith of a superior being.1356    [Pearson, On the Creed, p. 47.] Wherefore every eastern nation, and every nation touching the western shore; or the north, and each one towards the south,1357    According to the reading in Eusebius, πᾶν ἔθνος ἑῷον πᾶν δὲ ἑσπερίων ᾐόνων, βόρειόν τε καὶ τό, κ.τ.λ.—all have one and the same preconception respecting Him who hath appointed government; since the most universal of His operations equally pervade all. Much more did the philosophers among the Greeks, devoted to investigation, starting from the Barbarian philosophy, attribute providence1358    Instead of πρόνοιαν, Eusebius has προνομίαν (privilege). to the “Invisible, and sole, and most powerful, and most skilful and supreme cause of all things most beautiful;”—not knowing the inferences from these truths, unless instructed by us, and not even how God is to be known naturally; but only, as we have already often said, by a true periphrasis.1359    Clement seems to mean that they knew God only in a roundabout and inaccurate way. The text has περίφασιν; but περίφρασιν, which is in Eusebius, is preferable. Rightly therefore the apostle says, “Is He the God of the Jews only, and not also of the Greeks?”—not only saying prophetically that of the Greeks believing Greeks would know God;1360    [See p. 379, Elucidation I., supra.] but also intimating that in power the Lord is the God of all, and truly Universal King. For they know neither what He is, nor how He is Lord, and Father, and Maker, nor the rest of the system of the truth, without being taught by it. Thus also the prophetic utterances have the same force as the apostolic word. For Isaiah says, “If ye say, We trust in the Lord our God: now make an alliance with my Lord the king of the Assyrians.” And he adds: “And now, was it without the Lord that we came up to this land to make war against it?”1361    Isa xxxvi. 7, 8, 10. And Jonah, himself a prophet, intimates the same thing in what he says: “And the shipmaster came to him, and said to him, Why dost thou snore? Rise, call on thy God, that He may save us, and that we may not perish.”1362    Jonah i. 6, 9, 14. For the expression “thy God” he makes as if to one who knew Him by way of knowledge; and the expression, “that God may save us,” revealed the consciousness in the minds of heathens who had applied their mind to the Ruler of all, but had not yet believed. And again the same: “And he said to them, I am the servant of the Lord; and I fear the Lord, the God of heaven.” And again the same: “And he said, Let us by no means perish for the life of this man.” And Malachi the prophet plainly exhibits God saying, “I will not accept sacrifice at your hands. For from the rising of the sun to its going down, My name is glorified among the Gentiles; and in every place sacrifice is offered to Me.”1363    Mal. i. 10, 11, 14. [The prophetic present-future.] And again: “Because I am a great King, saith the Lord omnipotent; and My name is manifest among the nations.” What name? The Son declaring the Father among the Greeks who have believed.

Plato in what follows gives an exhibition of free-will: “Virtue owns not a master; and in proportion as each one honours or dishonours it, in that proportion he will be a partaker of it. The blame lies in the exercise of free choice.” But God is blameless. For He is never the author of evil.

“O warlike Trojans,” says the lyric poet,1364    Perhaps Bacchylides.—

And Pindar expressly introduces also Zeus Soter, the consort of Themis, proclaiming him King, Saviour, Just, in the following lines:—

He, then, who is not obedient to the truth, and is puffed up with human teaching, is wretched and miserable, according to Euripides:—

Let him who wishes, then, approaching to the true instruction, learn from Parmenides the Eleatic, who promises:—

And Metrodorus, though an Epicurean, spoke thus, divinely inspired: “Remember, O Menestratus, that, being a mortal endowed with a circumscribed life, thou hast in thy soul ascended, till thou hast seen endless time, and the infinity of things; and what is to be, and what has been;” when with the blessed choir, according to Plato, we shall gaze on the blessed sight and vision; we following with Zeus, and others with other deities, if we may be permitted so to say, to receive initiation into the most blessed mystery: which we shall celebrate, ourselves being perfect and untroubled by the ills which awaited us at the end of our time; and introduced to the knowledge of perfect and tranquil visions, and contemplating them in pure sunlight; we ourselves pure, and now no longer distinguished by that, which, when carrying it about, we call the body, being bound to it like an oyster to its shell.

The Pythagoreans call heaven the Antichthon [the opposite Earth]. And in this land, it is said by Jeremiah, “I will place thee among the children, and give thee the chosen land as inheritance of God Omnipotent;”1367    Jer. iii. 19. and they who inherit it shall reign over the earth. Myriads on myriads of examples1368    [This strong testimony of Clement is worthy of special note.] rush on my mind which might adduce. But for the sake of symmetry the discourse must now stop, in order that we may not exemplify the saying of Agatho the tragedian:—

It having been, then, as I think, clearly shown in what way it is to be understood that the Greeks were called thieves by the Lord, I willingly leave the dogmas of the philosophers. For were we to go over their sayings, we should gather together directly such a quantity of notes, in showing that the whole of the Hellenic wisdom was derived from the Barbarian philosophy. But this speculation, we shall, nevertheless, again touch on, as necessity requires, when we collect the opinions current among the Greeks respecting first principles.

But from what has been said, it tacitly devolves on us to consider in what way the Hellenic books are to be perused by the man who is able to pass through the billows in them. Therefore

as appears according to Empedocles,

He divinely showed knowledge and ignorance to be the boundaries of happiness and misery. “For it behoves philosophers to be acquainted with very many things,” according to Heraclitus; and truly must

It is then now clear to us, from what has been said, that the beneficence of God is eternal, and that, from an unbeginning principle, equal natural righteousness reached all, according to the worth of each several race,—never having had a beginning. For God did not make a beginning of being Lord and Good, being always what He is. Nor will He ever cease to do good, although He bring all things to an end. And each one of us is a partaker of His beneficence, as far as He wills. For the difference of the elect is made by the intervention of a choice worthy of the soul, and by exercise.

Thus, then, let our fifth Miscellany of gnostic notes in accordance with the true philosophy be brought to a close.

τὰ δ' ἑξῆς [προσ]αποδοτέον καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας Ἑλληνικὴν κλοπὴν σαφέστερον ἤδη παραστατέον. Φασὶ γὰρ σῶμα εἶναι τὸν θεὸν οἱ Στωϊκοὶ καὶ πνεῦμα κατ' οὐσίαν, ὥσπερ ἀμέλει καὶ τὴν ψυχήν. πάντα ταῦτα ἄντικρυς εὑρήσεις ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς. μὴ γάρ μοι τὰς ἀλληγορίας αὐτῶν ἐννοήσῃς τὰ νῦν ὡς ἡ γνωστικὴ παραδίδωσιν ἀλήθεια, εἰ ἄλλο τι δεικνύουσαι, καθάπερ οἱ σοφοὶ παλαισταί, ἄλλο μηνύουσιν. ἀλλ' οἳ μὲν διήκειν διὰ πάσης τῆς οὐσίας τὸν θεόν φασιν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ποιητὴν μόνον αὐτὸν καλοῦμεν καὶ λόγῳ ποιητήν. παρήγαγεν δὲ αὐτοὺς τὸ ἐν τῇ Σοφίᾳ εἰρημένον διήκει δὲ καὶ χωρεῖ διὰ πάντων διὰ τὴν καθαριότητα, ἐπεὶ μὴ συνῆκαν λέγεσθαι ταῦτα ἐπὶ τῆς σοφίας τῆς πρωτοκτίστου τῷ θεῷ. ναί, φασίν, ἀλλὰ ὕλην ὑποτίθενται οἱ φιλόσοφοι ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς, οἵ τε Στωϊκοὶ καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Πυθαγόρας, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὁ Περιπατητικός, οὐχὶ δὲ μίαν ἀρχήν. ἴστωσαν οὖν τὴν καλουμένην ὕλην ἄποιον καὶ ἀσχημάτιστον λεγομένην πρὸς αὐτῶν, καὶ τολμηρότερον ἤδη μὴ ὂν πρὸς τοῦ Πλάτωνος εἰρῆσθαι. καὶ μή τι μυστικώτατα μίαν τὴν ὄντως οὖσαν ἀρχὴν εἰδὼς ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ αὐταῖς φησι λέξεσιν· νῦν δ' οὖν τὸ παρ' ἡμῶν ὧδε ἐχέτω· τὴν μὲν περὶ πάντων εἴτε ἀρχὴν εἴτε ἀρχὰς εἴτε ὅπῃ δοκεῖ τούτων πέρι, τὸ νῦν οὐ ῥητέον, δι' ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, διὰ δὲ τὸ χαλεπὸν εἶναι κατὰ τὸν παρόντα τρόπον τῆς διεξόδου δηλῶσαι τὰ δοκοῦντα. ἄλλως τε ἡ λέξις ἡ προφητικὴ ἐκείνη ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος ἀφορμὰς αὐτοῖς ὑλικῆς οὐσίας παρέσχηται. Ναὶ μὴν Ἐπικούρῳ μὲν ἡ τοῦ αὐτομάτου παρείσδυσις οὐ παρακολουθήσαντι τῷ ῥητῷ γέγονεν ἐντεῦθεν ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων, τὰ πάντα ματαιότης. Ἀριστοτέλει δὲ μέχρι σελήνης ἐπῆλθε καταγαγεῖν τὴν πρόνοιαν ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ ψαλμοῦ· κύριε, ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τὸ ἔλεός σου καὶ ἡ ἀλήθειά σου ἕως τῶν νεφελῶν. οὐδέπω γὰρ ἀποκεκάλυπτο ἡ τῶν προφητικῶν δήλωσις μυστηρίων πρὸ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου παρουσίας. Τάς τε αὖ μετὰ θάνατον κολάσεις καὶ τὴν διὰ πυρὸς τιμωρίαν ἀπὸ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας ἥ τε ποιητικὴ πᾶσα μοῦσα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ φιλοσοφία ὑφείλετο. Πλάτων γοῦν ἐν τῷ τελευταίῳ τῆς Πολιτείας αὐταῖς φησι ταῖς λέξεσιν· ἐνταῦθα δὴ ἄνδρες ἄγριοι, διάπυροι ἰδεῖν, παρεστῶτες, καταμανθάνοντες τὸ φθέγμα, τοὺς μὲν ἰδίᾳ παραλαβόντες ἦγον, τὸν δὲ Ἀριδαῖον καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους συμποδίσαντες χεῖράς τε καὶ πόδας καὶ κεφαλήν, καταβαλόντες καὶ ἐκδείραντες, εἷλκον παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκτὸς ἐπ' ἀσπαλάθων κνάπτοντες. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄνδρες οἱ διάπυροι ἀγγέλους αὐτῷ βούλονται δηλοῦν, οἳ παραλαβόντες τοὺς ἀδίκους κολάζουσιν· ὁ ποιῶν, φησί, τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα καὶ τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πῦρ φλέγον. ἕπεται δὲ τούτοις τὴν ψυχὴν εἶναι ἀθάνατον. τὸ γὰρ κολαζόμενον ἢ παιδευόμενον ἐν αἰσθήσει ὂν ζῇ, κἂν πάσχειν λέγηται. τί δ'; οὐκ οἶδεν ὁ Πλάτων καὶ πυρὸς ποταμοὺς καὶ τῆς γῆς τὸ βάθος, τὴν πρὸς τῶν βαρβάρων Γέενναν καλουμένην Τάρταρον ποιητικῶς ὀνομάζων, Κωκυτόν τε καὶ Ἀχέροντα καὶ Πυριφλεγέθοντα καὶ τοιαῦτά τινα εἰς τὴν παίδευσιν σωφρονίζοντα παρεισάγων κολαστήρια; τῶν μικρῶν δὲ κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν καὶ ἐλαχίστων τοὺς ἀγγέλους τοὺς ὁρῶντας τὸν θεόν, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν εἰς ἡμᾶς δι' ἀγγέλων τῶν ἐφεστώτων ἥκουσαν ἐπισκοπὴν ἐμφαίνων οὐκ ὀκνεῖ γράφειν· ἐπειδὴ πάσας τὰς ψυχὰς τοὺς βίους ᾑρῆσθαι, ὥσπερ ἔλαχον, ἐν τάξει προσιέναι πρὸς τὴν Λάχεσιν, κείνην δὲ ἑκάστῳ, ὃν εἵλετο δαίμονα, τοῦτον φύλακα συμπέμπειν τοῦ βίου καὶ ἀποπληρωτὴν τῶν αἱρεθέντων. τάχα δὲ καὶ τῷ Σωκράτει τὸ δαιμόνιον τοιουτό τι ᾐνίσσετο. Ναὶ μὴν γενητὸν εἶναι τὸν κόσμον ἐκ Μωυσέως παραλαβόντες ἐδογμάτισαν οἱ φιλόσοφοι. καὶ ὅ γε Πλάτων ἄντικρυς εἴρηκεν· πότερον ἦν, ἀρχὴν ἔχων γενέσεως οὐδεμίαν, ἢ γέγονεν, ἀπ' ἀρχῆς τινος ἀρξάμενος; γέγονεν· ὁρατός τε γὰρ ὢν ἁπτός ἐστιν ἁπτός τε ὢν καὶ σῶμα ἔχει. αὖθίς τε ὁπόταν εἴπῃ τὸν μὲν οὖν ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα τοῦδε τοῦ παντὸς εὑρεῖν τε ἔργον, οὐ μόνον γενητὸν τε ἔδειξεν τὸν κόσμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξ αὐτοῦ γεγονέναι σημαίνει καθάπερ υἱόν, πατέρα δὲ αὐτοῦ κεκλῆσθαι, ὡς ἂν ἐκ μόνου γενομένου καὶ ἐκ μὴ ὄντος ὑποστάντος. γενητὸν δὲ καὶ οἱ Στωϊκοὶ τίθενται τὸν κόσμον. Τόν τε ὑπὸ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας θρυλούμενον διάβολον, τὸν τῶν δαιμόνων ἄρχοντα, κακοεργὸν εἶναι ψυχὴν ἐν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῶν Νόμων ὁ Πλάτων λέγει ταῖσδε ταῖς λέξεσιν· ψυχὴν διοικοῦσαν [καὶ ἐνοικοῦσαν] τοῖς πάντῃ κινουμένοις μῶν οὐ καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνάγκη διοικεῖν φάναι; τί μήν; μίαν ἢ πλείους; [πλείους], ἐγὼ ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἀποκρινοῦμαι. δυοῖν [μέν] που ἔλαττον μηδὲν τιθῶμεν, τῆς τε εὐεργέτιδος καὶ τῆς τἀναντία δυναμένης ἐξεργάσασθαι. ὁμοίως δὲ κἀν τῷ Φαίδρῳ ταῦτα γράφει· ἔστι μὲν δὴ καὶ ἄλλα κακά, ἀλλά τις δαίμων ἔμιξε τοῖς πλείστοις ἐν τῷ παραυτίκα ἡδονήν. ἀλλὰ κἀν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῶν Νόμων ἄντικρυς τὸ ἀποστολικὸν δείκνυσιν ἐκεῖνο· οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἡ πάλη πρὸς αἷμα καὶ σάρκα, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰς ἀρχάς, πρὸς τὰς ἐξουσίας, πρὸς τὰ πνευματικὰ τῶν ἐν οὐρανοῖς, ὧδέ πως γράφων· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ συνεχωρήσαμεν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς εἶναι μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν πολλῶν μεστὸν ἀγαθῶν, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἐναντίων, πλειόνων δὲ τῶν μή, μάχη, φαμέν, ἀθάνατός ἐσθ' ἡ τοιαύτη καὶ φυλακῆς θαυμαστῆς δεομένη. Κόσμον τε αὖθις τὸν μὲν νοητὸν οἶδεν ἡ βάρβαρος φιλοσοφία, τὸν δὲ αἰσθητόν, τὸν μὲν ἀρχέτυπον, τὸν δὲ εἰκόνα τοῦ καλουμένου παραδείγματος· καὶ τὸν μὲν ἀνατίθησι μονάδι, ὡς ἂν νοητόν, τὸν δὲ αἰσθητὸν ἑξάδι· γάμος γὰρ παρὰ τοῖς Πυθαγορείοις, ὡς ἂν γόνι μος ἀριθμός, ἡ ἑξὰς καλεῖται. καὶ ἐν μὲν τῇ μονάδι συνίστησιν οὐρανὸν ἀόρατον καὶ γῆν ἀειδῆ καὶ φῶς νοητόν· ἐν ἀρχῇ γάρ φησιν ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν· ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος. εἶτ' ἐπιφέρει· καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός· γενηθήτω φῶς· καὶ ἐγένετο φῶς. ἐν δὲ τῇ κοσμογονίᾳ τῇ αἰσθητῇ στερεὸν οὐρανὸν δημιουργεῖ (τὸ δὲ στερεὸν αἰσθητόν) γῆν τε ὁρατὴν καὶ φῶς βλεπόμενον. ἆρ' οὐ δοκεῖ σοι ἐντεῦθεν ὁ Πλάτων ζῴων ἰδέας ἐν τῷ νοητῷ ἀπολείπειν κόσμῳ καὶ τὰ εἴδη τὰ αἰσθητὰ κατὰ τὰ γένη δημιουργεῖν τὰ νοητά; εἰκότως ἄρα ἐκ γῆς μὲν τὸ σῶμα διαπλάττεσθαι λέγει ὁ Μωυσῆς, ὃ γήινόν φησιν ὁ Πλάτων σκῆνος, ψυχὴν δὲ τὴν λογικὴν ἄνωθεν ἐμπνευσθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς πρόσωπον. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν ἱδρῦσθαι λέγουσι, τὴν διὰ τῶν αἰσθητηρίων ἐπείσοδον τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ πρωτοπλάστου εἴσοδον ἑρμηνεύοντες, διὸ καὶ κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν τὸν ἄνθρωπον γεγονέναι. εἰκὼν μὲν γὰρ θεοῦ λόγος θεῖος καὶ βασιλικός, ἄνθρωπος ἀπαθής, εἰκὼν δ' εἰκόνος ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς. ἑτέρῳ δ' εἰ βούλει παραλαβεῖν ὀνόματι τὴν ἐξομοίωσιν, εὕροις ἂν παρὰ τῷ Μωυσεῖ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν ὀνομαζομένην θείαν· φησὶ γάρ· ὀπίσω κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῶν πορεύεσθε καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ φυλάξατε. ἀκόλουθοι δ', οἶμαι, καὶ θεραπευταὶ θεοῦ πάντες οἱ ἐνάρετοι. ἐντεῦθεν οἱ μὲν Στωϊκοὶ τὸ τέλος τῆς φιλοσοφίας τὸ ἀκολούθως τῇ φύσει ζῆν εἰρήκασι, Πλάτων δὲ ὁμοίωσιν θεῷ (ὡς ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ παρεστήσαμεν Στρωματεῖ)· Ζήνων δὲ ὁ Στωϊκὸς παρὰ Πλάτωνος λαβών, ὃ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας, τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς πάντας ἀλλήλων εἶναι φίλους λέγει. φησὶ γὰρ ἐν τῷ Φαίδρῳ Σωκράτης ὡς οὐχ εἵμαρται κακὸν κακῷ φίλον εἶναι οὐδ' ἀγαθὸν ἀγαθῷ μὴ φίλον, ὅπερ κἀν τῷ Λύσιδι ἀπέδειξεν ἱκανῶς, ὡς ἐν ἀδικίᾳ καὶ πονηρίᾳ οὐκ ἄν ποτε σωθείη φιλία. καὶ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ξένος ὁμοίως φησὶ πρᾶξιν εἶναι φίλην καὶ ἀκόλουθον θεῷ καὶ ἕνα λόγον ἔχουσαν ἀρχαῖον, ὅταν τὸ μὲν ὅμοιον τῷ ὁμοίῳ μετρίῳ ὄντι φίλον ᾖ, τὰ δὲ ἄμετρα οὔτε τοῖς ἀμέτροις οὔτε τοῖς ἐμμέτροις. ὁ δὲ θεὸς ἡμῖν πάντων χρημάτων μέτρον ἂν εἴη. εἶτα ὑποβὰς ἐπάγει πάλιν· πᾶς γὰρ δὴ ἀγαθὸς ἀγαθῷ ὅμοιος, κατὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ θεῷ ἐοικὼς ἀγαθῷ τε παντὶ φίλος ὑπάρχει καὶ θεῷ. ἐνταῦθα γενόμενος κἀκείνου ἀνεμνήσθην· ἐπὶ τέλει γὰρ τοῦ Τιμαίου λέγει τῷ κατανοουμένῳ τὸ κατανοοῦν ἐξομοιῶσαι δεῖν κατὰ τὴν ἀρχαίαν φύσιν, ὁμοιώσαντα δὲ τέλος ἔχειν τοῦ προτεθέντος ἀνθρώπῳ ὑπὸ θεῶν ἀρίστου βίου πρός τε τὸν παρόντα καὶ τὸν ἔπειτα χρόνον. ἴσον γὰρ τούτοις ἐκεῖνα δύναται· οὐ παύσεται ὁ ζητῶν, ἕως ἂν εὕρῃ· εὑρὼν δὲ θαμβηθήσεται, θαμβηθεὶς δὲ βασιλεύσει, βασιλεύσας δὲ ἐπαναπαήσεται. Τί δ'; οὐχὶ κἀκεῖνα τοῦ Θάλητος ἐκ τῶνδε ἤρτηται; τὸ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων δοξάζεσθαι τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸ καρδιογνώστην λέγεσθαι πρὸς ἡμῶν ἄντικρυς ἑρμηνεύει. ἐρωτηθεὶς γέ τοι ὁ Θάλης, τί ἐστι τὸ θεῖον, τὸ μήτε ἀρχήν, ἔφη, μήτε τέλος ἔχον. πυθομένου δὲ ἑτέρου, εἰ λανθάνει τὸ θεῖον πράσσων τι ἄνθρωπος, καὶ πῶς, εἶπεν, ὅς γε οὐδὲ διανοούμενος; Ναὶ μὴν μόνον τὸ καλὸν ἀγαθὸν οἶδεν ἡ βάρβαρος φιλοσοφία καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν αὐτάρκη πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν, ὁπηνίκα ἂν εἴπῃ· ἰδού, δέδωκα πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν σου τὸ ἀγαθὸν καὶ τὸ κακόν, τὴν ζωὴν καὶ τὸν θάνατον· ἔκλεξαι τὴν ζωήν. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν ζωὴν καλεῖ καὶ καλὸν τὴν τούτου ἐκλογήν, κακὸν δὲ τὴν τοῦ ἐναντίου αἵρεσιν. ἀγαθοῦ δὲ καὶ ζωῆς ἓν τέλος τὸ φιλόθεον γενέσθαι· αὕτη γὰρ ἡ ζωή σου καὶ τὸ πολυήμερον, ἀγαπᾶν τὸ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν. Σαφέστερον δὲ ἐκεῖνα ἔχει. ὁ γὰρ σωτήρ, ἀγαπᾶν παραγγείλας τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸν πλησίον, ἐν ταύταις φησὶ ταῖς δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς ὅλον τὸν νόμον καὶ τοὺς προφήτας κρέμασθαι. ταῦτα θρυλοῦσιν οἱ Στωϊκοὶ τὰ δόγματα καὶ πρὸ τούτων ὁ Σωκράτης ἐν Φαίδρῳ εὐχόμενος· ὦ Πάν τε καὶ ἄλλοι θεοί, δοίητέ μοι τἄνδον εἶναι καλῷ. ἐν δὲ τῷ Θεαιτήτῳ διαρρήδην φησίν· ὁ γὰρ καλῶς λέγων καλός τε κἀγαθός. κἀν τῷ Πρωταγόρᾳ καλλίονι Ἀλκιβιάδου ἐντυχεῖν ὁμολογεῖ τοῖς ἑταίροις Πρωταγόρου, εἴ γε τὸ σοφώτατον κάλλιστόν ἐστιν· τὴν γὰρ ἀρετὴν τὸ κάλλος τῆς ψυχῆς ἔφη εἶναι, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον τὴν κακίαν αἶσχος ψυχῆς. Ἀντίπατρος μὲν οὖν ὁ Στωϊκός, τρία συγγραψάμενος βιβλία περὶ τοῦ ὅτι κατὰ Πλάτωνα μόνον τὸ καλὸν ἀγαθόν, ἀποδείκνυσιν ὅτι καὶ κατ' αὐτὸν αὐτάρκης ἡ ἀρετὴ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν, καὶ ἄλλα πλείω παρατίθεται δόγματα σύμφωνα τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς. Ἀριστοβούλῳ δὲ τῷ κατὰ Πτολεμαῖον γεγονότι τὸν Φιλομήτορα, οὗ μέμνηται ὁ συνταξάμενος τὴν τῶν Μακκαβαϊκῶν ἐπιτομήν, βιβλία γέγονεν ἱκανά, δι' ὧν ἀποδείκνυσι τὴν Περιπατητικὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἔκ τε τοῦ κατὰ Μωυσέα νόμου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἠρτῆσθαι προφητῶν. Καὶ τὰ μὲν τῇδε ἐχέτω· ἀδελφοὺς δὲ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, ὡς ἂν τοῦ ἑνὸς θεοῦ [ὄντας] καὶ ἑνὸς διδασκάλου, φαίνεταί που καὶ Πλάτων καλῶν ὧδέ πως· ἐστὲ μὲν γὰρ πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ πόλει ἀδελφοί, ὡς φήσομεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς μυθολογοῦντες, ἀλλ' ὁ θεὸς πλάττων, ὅσοι μὲν ὑμῶν ἱκανοὶ ἄρχειν, χρυσὸν ἐν τῇ γενέσει συνέμιξεν αὐτοῖς, διὸ τιμιώτατοί εἰσιν· ὅσοι δὲ ἐπίκουροι, ἄργυρον· σίδηρον δὲ καὶ χαλκὸν τοῖς γεωργοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις δημιουργοῖς. ὅθεν ἀνάγκη φησὶ γεγονέναι ἀσπάζεσθαί τε καὶ φιλεῖν τούτους μὲν ταῦτα ἐφ' οἷς γνῶσις, ἐκείνους δὲ ἐφ' οἷς δόξα. ἴσως [γὰρ] τὴν ἐκλεκτὴν ταύτην φύσιν γνώσεως ἐφιεμένην μαντεύεται, εἰ μή τι τρεῖς τινας ὑποτιθέμενος φύσεις, τρεῖς πολιτείας, ὡς ὑπέλαβόν τινες, διαγράφει, καὶ Ἰουδαίων μὲν ἀργυρᾶν, Ἑλλήνων δὲ τὴν τρίτην, Χριστιανῶν δέ, ᾗ [ὁ] χρυσὸς ὁ βασιλικὸς ἐγκαταμέμικται, τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα· τόν τε Χριστιανῶν βίον ἐμφαίνων κατὰ λέξιν γράφει ἐν τῷ Θεαιτήτῳ· λέγωμεν δὴ περὶ τῶν κορυφαίων. τί γὰρ ἄν τις τούς γε φαύλως διατρίβοντας ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ λέγοι; οὗτοι δέ που οὔτε εἰς ἀγορὰν ἴσασι τὴν ὁδὸν οὔτε ὅπου δικαστήριον ἢ βουλευτήριον ἤ τι κοινὸν ἄλλο τῆς πόλεως συνέδριον, νόμους δὲ καὶ ψηφίσματα γεγραμμένα οὔτε ὁρῶσιν οὔτε ἀκούουσιν. σπουδαὶ δὲ ἑταιριῶν καὶ σύνοδοι καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐλητρίσι κῶμοι οὐδὲ ὄναρ πράττειν προσίσταται αὐτοῖς. εὖ δὲ ἢ κακῶς τις γέγονεν ἐν πόλει ἢ τί τῳ κακόν ἐστι γεγονὸς ἐκ προγόνων, μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς λέληθεν ἢ οἱ τῆς θαλάσσης λεγόμενοι χόες. καὶ ταῦτ' οὐδ' ὅτι οὐκ οἶδεν, οἶδεν, ἀλλὰ τῷ ὄντι τὸ σῶμα κεῖται αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπιδημεῖ, αὐτὸς δὲ πέταται, κατὰ Πίνδαρον, τᾶς τε γᾶς ὑπένερθεν οὐρανοῦ τε ὕπερ ἀστρονομῶν καὶ πᾶσαν πάντῃ φύσιν ἐρευνώμενος. Πάλιν αὖ τῷ τοῦ κυρίου ῥητῷ ἔστω ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ ναὶ καὶ τὸ οὒ οὔ, ἐκεῖνο ἀπεικαστέον· ἀλλά μοι ψεῦδός τε συγχωρῆσαι καὶ ἀληθὲς ἀφανίσαι οὐδαμῶς θέμις· τῇ τε περὶ τοῦ ὀμόσαι ἀπαγορεύσει συνᾴδει ἥδε ἡ ἐν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῶν Νόμων λέξις· ἔπαινος δὲ ὅρκος τε περὶ παντὸς ἀπέστω. καὶ τὸ σύνολον Πυθαγόρας καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ Πλάτων, λέγοντες ἀκούειν φωνῆς θεοῦ, τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν ὅλων θεωροῦντες ἀκριβῶς ὑπὸ θεοῦ γεγονυῖαν καὶ συνεχομένην ἀδιαλείπτως, ἀκηκόασι γὰρ τοῦ Μωυσέως λέγοντος "εἶπεν, καὶ ἐγένετο", τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἔργον εἶναι διαγράφοντος. Ἐπί τε τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ χοὸς διαπλάσεως ἱστάμενοι γήινον μὲν οἱ φιλόσοφοι παρ' ἕκαστα τὸ σῶμα ἀναγορεύουσιν· Ὅμηρος δὲ οὐκ ὀκνεῖ ἐν κατάρας μέρει θέσθαι τό· ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς μὲν πάντες ὕδωρ καὶ γαῖα γένοισθε, καθάπερ Ἡσαΐας, καὶ καταπατήσατε αὐτοὺς λέγων ὡς πηλόν. Καλλίμαχος δὲ διαρρήδην γράφει· ἦν κεῖνος οὑνιαυτός, ᾧ τό τε πτηνὸν καὶ τοὐν θαλάσσῃ καὶ τὸ τετράπουν οὕτως ἐφθέγγετο ὡς ὁ πηλὸς ὁ Προμήθειος. πάλιν τε αὖ ὁ αὐτός τε εἴ σε (ἔφη) ὁ Προμηθεὺς ἔπλασε καὶ πηλοῦ μὴ ἐξ ἑτέρου γέγονας, Ἡσίοδός τε ἐπὶ τῆς Πανδώρας λέγει Ἥφαιστον δ' ἐκέλευσε περικλυτὸν ὅτ[τ]ι τάχιστα γαῖαν ὕδει φύρειν, ἐν δ' ἀνθρώπου θέμεν αὐδὴν καὶ νόον. Πῦρ μὲν οὖν τεχνικὸν ὁδῷ βαδίζον εἰς γένεσιν τὴν φύσιν ὁρίζονται οἱ Στωϊκοί· πῦρ δὲ καὶ φῶς ἀλληγορεῖται ὁ θεὸς καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ πρὸς τῆς γραφῆς. Τί δ'; οὐχὶ καὶ Ὅμηρος, παραφράζων τὸν χωρισμὸν τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τὴν ἐμφανῆ τῆς ξηρᾶς. ἐπί τε τῆς Τηθύος καὶ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ λέγει· ἤδη γὰρ δηρὸν χρόνον ἀλλήλων ἀπέχονται εὐνῆς καὶ φιλότητος Πάλιν τὸ δυνατὸν ἐν πᾶσι προσάπτουσι καὶ οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι λογιώτατοι τῷ θεῷ, ὁ μὲν Ἐπίχαρμος (Πυθαγόρειος δὲ ἦν) λέγων· οὐδὲν ἐκφεύγει τὸ θεῖον· τοῦτο γιγνώσκειν σε δεῖ, αὐτός ἐσθ' ἁμῶν ἐπόπτης, ἀδυνατεῖ δὲ οὐδὲν θεός, ὁ μελοποιὸς δέ· θεῷ δὲ δυνατὸν ἐκ μελαίνας νυκτὸς ἀμίαντον ὄρσαι φάος, κελαινεφέι δὲ σκότει καλύψαι καθαρὸν ἁμέρας σέλας (ὁ μόνος ἡμέρας ἐνεστώσης νύκτα ποιῆσαι δυνάμενος ποιῆσαι, φησίν, θεὸς οὗτός ἐστιν), ἔν τε τοῖς Φαινομένοις ἐπιγραφομένοις Ἄρατος, ἐκ ∆ιὸς ἀρχώμεσθα εἰπών, τὸν οὐδέποτ', ἄνδρες, ἐῶμεν ἄρρητον· μεσταὶ δὲ ∆ιὸς πᾶσαι μὲν ἀγυιαί, πᾶσαι δ' ἀνθρώπων ἀγοραί, μεστὴ δὲ θάλασσα καὶ λιμένες· πάντῃ δὲ ∆ιὸς κεχρήμεθα πάντες· ἐπιφέρει· τοῦ γὰρ καὶ γένος ἐσμέν, οἷον δημιουργία, ὁ δ' ἤπιος ἀνθρώποισιν δεξιὰ σημαίνει, λαοὺς δ' ἐπὶ ἔργα ἐγείρει· αὐτὸς γὰρ τάδε σήματ' ἐν οὐρανῷ ἐστήριξεν, ἄστρα διακρίνας· ἐσκέψατο δ' εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἀστέρας, οἵ κε μάλιστα τετυγμένα σημαίνοιεν ἀνδράσιν Ὡράων, ὄφρ' ἔμπεδα πάντα φύηται· καί μιν ἀεὶ πρῶτόν τε καὶ ὕστατον ἱλάσκονται· χαῖρε, πάτερ, μέγα θαῦμα, μέγ' ἀνθρώποισιν ὄνειαρ. καὶ πρὸ τούτου δὲ Ὅμηρος ἐπὶ τῆς ἡφαιστοτεύκτου ἀσπίδος κοσμοποιῶν κατὰ Μωυσέα ἐν μὲν γαῖαν ἔτευξ', ἐν δ' οὐρανόν, ἐν δὲ θάλασσαν φησίν, ἐν δὲ τὰ τείρεα πάντα, τά τ' οὐρανὸς ἐστεφάνωται. ὁ γὰρ διὰ τῶν ποιημάτων καὶ καταλογάδην συγγραμμάτων ᾀδόμενος Ζεὺς τὴν ἔννοιαν ἐπὶ τὸν θεὸν ἀναφέρει. Ἤδη δὲ ὡς εἰπεῖν ὑπ' αὐγὰς ὁ ∆ημόκριτος εἶναί τινας ὀλίγους γράφει τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἳ δὴ ἀνατείναντες τὰς χεῖρας ἐνταῦθα ὃν νῦν ἠέρα καλέομεν οἱ Ἕλληνες, [φασί]· πάντα Ζεὺς μυθέεται καὶ πάνθ' οὗτος οἶδε καὶ διδοῖ καὶ ἀφαιρέεται, καὶ βασιλεὺς οὗτος τῶν πάντων. μυστικώτερον δὲ ὁ μὲν Βοιώτιος Πίνδαρος, ἅτε Πυθα γόρειος ὤν, ἓν ἀνδρῶν, ἓν θεῶν γένος, ἐκ μιᾶς δὲ ματρὸς πνέομεν ἄμφω, τῆς ὕλης, παραδίδωσι καὶ ἕνα τὸν τούτων δημιουργόν, ὃν ἀριστοτέχναν πατέρα λέγει, τὸν καὶ τὰς προκοπὰς κατ' ἀξίαν εἰς θειότητα παρεσχημένον. σιωπῶ γὰρ Πλάτωνα. ἄντικρυς οὗτος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἔραστον καὶ Κορίσκον ἐπιστολῇ φαίνεται πατέρα καὶ υἱὸν οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ἐκ τῶν Ἑβραϊκῶν γραφῶν ἐμφαίνων, παρακελευόμενος κατὰ λέξιν· ἐπομνύντας σπουδῇ τε ἅμα μὴ ἀμούσῳ καὶ [τῇ] τῆς σπουδῆς ἀδελφῇ παιδιᾷ τὸν πάντων θεὸν αἴτιον καὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος καὶ αἰτίου πατέρα κύριον ἐπομνύντας, ὅν, ἐὰν ὀρθῶς φιλοσοφήσητε, εἴσεσθε. ἥ τε ἐν Τιμαίῳ δημηγορία πατέρα καλεῖ τὸν δημιουργὸν λέγουσα ὧδέ πως· θεοὶ θεῶν, ὧν ἐγὼ πατὴρ δημιουργός τε ἔργων. ὥστε καὶ ἐπὰν εἴπῃ περὶ τὸν πάντων βασιλέα πάντα ἐστὶ κἀκείνου ἕνεκεν τὰ πάντα κἀκεῖνο αἴτιον ἁπάντων [τῶν] καλῶν, δεύτερον δὲ περὶ τὰ δεύτερα καὶ τρίτον περὶ τὰ τρίτα, οὐκ ἄλλως ἔγωγε ἐξακούω ἢ τὴν ἁγίαν τριάδα μηνύεσθαι· τρίτον μὲν γὰρ εἶναι τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, τὸν υἱὸν δὲ δεύτερον, δι' οὗ πάντα ἐγένετο κατὰ βούλησιν τοῦ πατρός. ὁ δ' αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῆς Πολιτείας Ἠρὸς τοῦ Ἀρμενίου, τὸ γένος Παμφύλου, μέμνηται, ὅς ἐστι Ζωροάστρης· αὐτὸς γοῦν ὁ Ζωροάστρης γράφει· τάδε συνέγραψα Ζωροάστρης ὁ Ἀρμενίου, τὸ γένος Πάμφυλος, ἐν πολέμῳ τελευτήσας, [ὅσα] ἐν Ἅιδῃ γενόμενος ἐδάην παρὰ θεῶν. τὸν δὴ Ζωροάστρην τοῦτον ὁ Πλάτων δωδεκαταῖον ἐπὶ τῇ πυρᾷ κείμενον ἀναβιῶναι λέγει· τάχα μὲν οὖν τὴν ἀνάστασιν, τάχα δὲ ἐκεῖνα αἰνίσσεται, ὡς διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ζῳδίων ἡ ὁδὸς ταῖς ψυχαῖς γίνεται εἰς τὴν ἀνά ληψιν, αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν γένεσίν φησι τὴν αὐτὴν γίγνεσθαι κάθοδον. ταύτῃ ὑποληπτέον καὶ τὰ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους ἆθλα γενέσθαι δώδεκα, μεθ' ἃ τῆς ἀπαλλαγῆς παντὸς τοῦ κόσμου τοῦδε τυγχάνει ἡ ψυχή. οὐ παραπέμπομαι καὶ τὸν Ἐμπεδοκλέα, ὃς φυσικῶς οὕτως τῆς τῶν πάντων ἀναλήψεως μέμνηται, ὡς ἐσομένης ποτὲ εἰς τὴν τοῦ πυρὸς οὐσίαν μεταβολῆς. σαφέστατα [δ'] Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς δόξης, τὸν μέν τινα κόσμον ἀίδιον εἶναι δοκιμάσας, τὸν δέ τινα φθειρόμενον, τὸν κατὰ τὴν διακόσμησιν εἰδὼς οὐχ ἕτερον ὄντα ἐκείνου πως ἔχοντος. ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν ἀίδιον τὸν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς οὐσίας ἰδίως ποιὸν κόσμον ᾔδει, φανερὸν ποιεῖ λέγων οὕτως· κόσμον τὸν αὐτὸν ἁπάντων οὔτε τις θεῶν οὔτε ἀνθρώπων ἐποίησεν, ἀλλ' ἦν ἀεὶ καὶ ἔστιν καὶ ἔσται πῦρ ἀείζωον ἁπτόμενον μέτρα καὶ ἀποσβεννύμενον μέτρα. ὅτι δὲ καὶ γενητὸν καὶ φθαρτὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐδογμάτιζεν, μηνύει τὰ ἐπιφερόμενα· πυρὸς τροπαὶ πρῶτον θάλασσα, θαλάσσης δὲ τὸ μὲν ἥμισυ γῆ, τὸ δὲ ἥμισυ πρηστήρ, δυνάμει γὰρ λέγει, ὅτι πῦρ ὑπὸ τοῦ διοικοῦντος λόγου καὶ θεοῦ τὰ σύμπαντα δι' ἀέρος τρέπεται εἰς ὑγρὸν τὸ ὡς σπέρμα τῆς διακοσμήσεως, ὃ καλεῖ θάλασσαν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου αὖθις γίνεται γῆ καὶ οὐρανὸς καὶ τὰ ἐμπεριεχόμενα. ὅπως δὲ πάλιν ἀναλαμβάνεται καὶ ἐκπυροῦται, σαφῶς διὰ τούτων δηλοῖ· θάλασσα διαχέεται καὶ μετρέεται εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ὁκοῖος πρόσθεν ἦν ἢ γενέσθαι γῆ. ὁμοίως καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων στοιχείων τὰ αὐτά. παραπλήσια τούτῳ καὶ οἱ ἐλλογιμώτατοι τῶν Στωϊκῶν δογματίζουσι περί τε ἐκπυρώσεως διαλαμβάνοντες καὶ κόσμου διοικήσεως καὶ τοῦ ἰδίως ποιοῦ κόσμου τε καὶ ἀνθρώπου καὶ τῆς τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν ἐπιδιαμονῆς. πάλιν τε αὖ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν μὲν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ τῆς Πολιτείας τὴν ἐνταῦθα ἡμέραν νυκτερινὴν κέκληκεν (διὰ τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας, οἶμαι, τοῦ σκότους τούτου), ὕπνον δὲ καὶ θάνατον τὴν εἰς σῶμα κάθοδον τῆς ψυχῆς κατὰ ταὐτὰ Ἡρακλείτῳ. καὶ μή τι τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ σωτῆρος προεθέσπισεν τὸ πνεῦμα διὰ τοῦ ∆αβὶδ λέγον· ἐγὼ ἐκοιμήθην καὶ ὕπνωσα· ἐξηγέρθην, ὅτι κύριος ἀντιλήψεταί μου. οὐ γὰρ τὴν ἀνάστασιν μόνην τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐξ ὕπνου ἔγερσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν εἰς σάρκα κάθοδον τοῦ κυρίου ὕπνον ἀλληγορεῖ. αὐτίκα ὁ αὐτὸς σωτὴρ παρεγγυᾷ· γρηγορεῖτε, οἷον μελετᾶτε ζῆν καὶ χωρίζειν τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ σώματος πειρᾶσθε. τήν τε κυριακὴν ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ δεκάτῳ τῆς Πολιτείας ὁ Πλάτων διὰ τούτων καταμαντεύεται· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῖς ἐν τῷ λειμῶνι ἑκάστοις ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι γένοιντο, ἀναστάντας ἐντεῦθεν δεῖ τῇ ὀγδόῃ πορεύεσθαι καὶ ἀφικνεῖσθαι τεταρταίους. λειμῶνα μὲν οὖν ἀκουστέον τὴν ἀπλανῆ σφαῖραν, ὡς ἥμερον χωρίον καὶ προσηνὲς καὶ τῶν ὁσίων χῶρον, ἑπτὰ δὲ ἡμέρας ἑκάστην κίνησιν τῶν ἑπτὰ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐργαστικὴν τέχνην εἰς τέλος ἀναπαύσεως σπεύδουσαν. ἡ δὲ μετὰ τοὺς πλανωμένους πορεία ἐπὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἄγει, τουτέστι τὴν ὀγδόην κίνησίν τε καὶ ἡμέραν. τεταρταίους δὲ τὰς ψυχὰς ἀπιέναι λέγει, δηλῶν τὴν διὰ τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων πορείαν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἑβδόμην ἱερὰν οὐ μόνον οἱ Ἑβραῖοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες ἴσασι, καθ' ἣν ὁ πᾶς κόσμος κυκλεῖται τῶν ζωογονουμένων καὶ φυομένων ἁπάντων. Ἡσίοδος μὲν [οὖν] οὕτως περὶ αὐτῆς λέγει· πρῶτον ἔνη τετράς τε καὶ ἑβδόμη ἱερὸν ἦμαρ. καὶ πάλιν· ἑβδομάτῃ δ' αὖθις λαμπρὸν φάος ἠελίοιο. Ὅμηρος δέ· ἑβδομάτῃ δἤπειτα κατήλυθεν ἱερὸν ἦμαρ. καί ἑβδόμη ἦν ἱερή. καὶ πάλιν· ἕβδομον ἦμαρ ἔην, καὶ τῷ τετέλεστο ἅπαντα. καὶ αὖθις· ἑβδομάτῃ δ' ἠοῖ λίπομεν ῥόον ἐξ Ἀχέροντος. ναὶ μὴν καὶ Καλλίμαχος ὁ ποιητὴς γράφει· ἑβδομάτῃ δ' ἠοῖ καί οἱ τετύκοντο ἅπαντα. καὶ πάλιν· ἑβδόμη εἰν ἀγαθοῖσ[ι] καὶ ἑβδόμη ἐστὶ γενέθλη. καί· ἑβδόμη ἐν πρώτοισιν καὶ ἑβδόμη ἐστὶ τελείη. καί· ἑπτὰ δὲ πάντα τέτυκτο ἐν οὐρανῷ ἀστερόεντι ἐν κύκλοισι φανέντα ἐπιτελλομένοις ἐνιαυτοῖς. ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ Σόλωνος ἐλεγεῖαι σφόδρα τὴν ἑβδομάδα ἐκθειάζουσιν. Τί δ'; οὐχὶ παραπλήσια τῇ λεγούσῃ γραφῇ ἄρωμεν ἀφ' ἡμῶν τὸν δίκαιον, ὅτι δύσχρηστος ἡμῖν ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτων μονονουχὶ προφητεύων τὴν σωτήριον οἰκονομίαν ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ τῆς Πολιτείας ὧδέ φησιν· οὕτω δὲ διακείμενος ὁ δίκαιος μαστιγωθήσεται, στρεβλώσεται, δεθήσεται, ἐκκοπήσεται τὼ ὀφθαλμώ, τελευτῶν πάντα κακὰ παθὼν ἀνασκινδυλευθήσεται. ὅ τε Σωκρατικὸς Ἀντισθένης, παραφράζων τὴν προφητικὴν ἐκείνην φωνὴν τίνι με ὡμοιώσατε; λέγει κύριος, [θεὸν] οὐδενὶ ἐοικέναι φησί· διόπερ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς ἐκμαθεῖν ἐξ εἰκόνος δύναται. τὰ δ' ὅμοια καὶ Ξενοφῶν ὁ Ἀθηναῖος κατὰ λέξιν λέγει· ὁ γοῦν πάντα σείων καὶ ἀτρεμίζων ὡς μὲν μέγας τις καὶ δυνατός, φανερός· ὁποῖος δ' ἐστὶν μορφήν, ἀφανής· οὐδὲ μὴν ὁ παμφαὴς δοκῶν εἶναι ἥλιος οὐδ' οὗτος ἔοικεν ὁρᾶν αὑτὸν ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀλλ' ἤν τις ἀναιδῶς αὐτὸν θεάσηται, τὴν ὄψιν ἀφαιρεῖται. τίς γὰρ σὰρξ δύναται τὸν ἐπουράνιον καὶ ἀληθῆ ὀφθαλμοῖσ[ιν] ἰδεῖν θεὸν ἄμβροτον, ὃς πόλον οἰκεῖ; ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἀκτίνων κατεναντίον ἠελίοιο ἄνθρωποι στῆναι δυνατοί, θνητοὶ γεγαῶτες, προεῖπεν ἡ Σίβυλλα. Εὖ γοῦν καὶ Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος, διδάσκων ὅτι εἷς καὶ ἀσώματος ὁ θεός, ἐπιφέρει· εἷς θεός, ἔν τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισι μέγιστος, οὔ τι δέμας θνητοῖσιν ὁμοίιος οὐδὲ νόημα. καὶ πάλιν· ἀλλ' οἱ βροτοὶ δοκοῦσι γεννᾶσθαι θεούς, τὴν σφετέρην δὲ ἐσθῆτα ἔχειν φωνήν τε δέμας τε. καὶ πάλιν· ἀλλ' εἴ τοι χεῖρας [γ'] εἶχον βόες ἠὲ λέοντες, ὡς γράψαι χείρεσσι καὶ ἔργα τελεῖν ἅπερ ἄνδρες, ἵπποι μέν θ' ἵπποισι, βόες δέ τε βουσὶν ὁμοίας καί [κε] θεῶν ἰδέας ἔγραφον καὶ σώματ' ἐποίουν τοιαῦθ' οἷόν περ καὶ αὐτοὶ δέμας εἶχον ὁμοῖον. Ἀκούσωμεν οὖν πάλιν Βακχυλίδου τοῦ μελοποιοῦ περὶ τοῦ θείου λέγοντος· οἳ μὲν ἀδμῆτες ἀεικελιᾶν νούσων εἰσὶ[ν] καὶ ἄνατοι, οὐδὲν ἀνθρώποις ἴκελοι· Κλεάνθους τε τοῦ Στωϊκοῦ ἔν τινι ποιήματι περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ταῦτα γεγραφότος· τἀγαθὸν ἐρωτᾷς με οἷόν ἐστ'; ἄκουε δή· τεταγμένον, δίκαιον, ὅσιον, εὐσεβές, κρατοῦν ἑαυτοῦ, χρήσιμον, καλόν, δέον, αὐστηρόν, αὐθέκαστον, ἀεὶ συμφέρον, ἄφοβον, ἄλυπον, λυσιτελές, ἀνώδυνον, ὠφέλιμον, εὐάρεστον, [ἀσφαλές, φίλον, ἔντιμον,] ὁμολογούμενον, *** εὐκλεές, ἄτυφον, ἐπιμελές, πρᾶον, σφοδρόν, χρονιζόμενον, ἄμεμπτον, ἀεὶ διαμένον. ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς κατὰ τὸ σιωπώμενον τὴν τῶν πολλῶν διαβάλλων εἰδωλολατρείαν ἐπιφέρει· ἀνελεύθερος πᾶς ὅστις εἰς δόξαν βλέπει, ὡς δὴ παρ' ἐκείνης τευξόμενος καλοῦ τινος. οὔκουν ἔτι κατὰ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν δόξαν περὶ τοῦ θείου ὑποληπτέον. οὐδὲ γὰρ λάθρᾳ δοκῶ φωτὸς κακούργου σχήματ' ἐκμιμούμενον σοὶ Ζῆν' ἐς εὐνὴν ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπον μολεῖν, Ἀμφίων λέγει τῇ Ἀντιόπῃ. ὁ Σοφοκλῆς δὲ εὐθυρημόνως γράφει· τὴν τοῦδε γάρ τοι Ζεὺς ἔγημε μητέρα, οὐ χρυσόμορφος οὐδ' ἐπημφιεσμένος πτίλον κύκνειον, ὡς κόρην Πλευρωνίαν ὑπημβρύωσεν, ἀλλ' ὁλοσχερὴς ἀνήρ. εἶτα ὑπελθὼν καὶ δὴ ἐπήγαγεν· ταχὺς δὲ βαθμοῖς νυμφικοῖς ἐπεστάθη ὁ μοιχός. ἐφ' οἷς ἔτι φανερώτερον τὴν ἀκρασίαν τοῦ μυθοποιουμένου ∆ιὸς ὧδέ πως ἐκδιηγεῖται· ὃ δ' οὔτε δαιτὸς οὔτε χέρνιβος θιγὼν πρὸς λέκτρον ᾔει καρδίαν ὠδαγμένος· ὅλην δ' ἐκείνην εὐφρόνην ἐθόρνυτο. ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν παρείσθω ταῖς τῶν θεάτρων ἀνοίαις· ἄντικρυς δὲ ὁ μὲν Ἡράκλειτος τοῦ λόγου τοῦδ' ἐόντος αἰεὶ φησὶν ἀξύνετοι γίγνονται ἄνθρωποι καὶ πρόσθεν ἢ ἀκοῦσαι καὶ ἀκούσαντες τὸ πρῶτον. Ὁ μελοποιὸς δὲ Μελανιππίδης ᾄδων φησίν· κλῦθί μοι, ὦ πάτερ, θαῦμα βροτῶν, τᾶς ἀειζώου ψυχᾶς μεδέων. Παρμενίδης δὲ ὁ μέγας, ὥς φησιν ἐν Σοφιστῇ Πλάτων, ὧδέ πως περὶ τοῦ θείου γράφει· πολλὰ μάλ', ὡς ἀγένητον ἐὸν καὶ ἀνώλεθρόν ἐστιν, οὖλον μουνογενές τε καὶ ἀτρεμὲς ἠδ' ἀγένητον. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Ἡσίοδος αὐτὸς γὰρ πάντων φησὶ βασιλεὺς καὶ κοίρανός ἐστιν ἀθανάτων· σέο δ' οὔτις ἐρήρισται κράτος ἄλλος. Ναὶ μὴν καὶ ἡ τραγῳδία ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων ἀποσπῶσα εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβλέπειν διδάσκει. Ὁ μὲν Σοφοκλῆς, ὥς φησιν Ἑκαταῖος ὁ τὰς ἱστορίας συνταξάμενος ἐν τῷ Κατ' Ἄβραμον καὶ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους, ἄντικρυς ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐκβοᾷ· εἷς ταῖς ἀληθείαισιν, εἷς ἐστι[ν] θεός, ὃς οὐρανόν τε ἔτευξε καὶ γαῖαν μακρὴν πόντου τε χαροπὸν οἶδμα καὶ ἀνέμων βίαν. θνητοὶ δὲ πολλοὶ καρδίαν πλανώμενοι, ἱδρυσάμεσθα πημάτων παραψυχὴν θεῶν ἀγάλματα ἐκ λίθων, ἢ χαλκέων ἢ χρυσοτεύκτων ἢ ἐλεφαντίνων τύπους· θυσίας τε τούτοις καὶ κακὰς πανηγύρεις στέφοντες, οὕτως εὐσεβεῖν νομίζομεν. Εὐριπίδης δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς σκηνῆς τραγῳδῶν ὁρᾷς φησὶ τὸν ὑψοῦ τόνδ' ἄπειρον αἰθέρα καὶ γῆν πέριξ ἔχοντα ὑγραῖς [ἐν] ἀγκάλαις; τοῦτον νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδ' ἡγοῦ θεόν. ἐν δὲ τῷ Πειρίθῳ δράματι ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ τάδε τραγῳδεῖ· σὲ τὸν αὐτοφυῆ, τὸν ἐν αἰθερίῳ ῥόμβῳ πάντων φύσιν ἐμπλέξαντα, ὃν πέρι μὲν φῶς, πέρι δ' ὀρφναία νὺξ αἰολόχρως ἄκριτός τ' ἄστρων ὄχλος ἐνδελεχῶς ἀμφιχορεύει. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τὸν μὲν αὐτοφυῆ τὸν δημιουργὸν νοῦν εἴρηκεν, τὰ δ' ἑξῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ κόσμου τάσσεται, ἐν ᾧ καὶ [αἱ] ἐναντιότητες φωτός τε καὶ σκότους. ὅ τε Εὐφορίωνος Αἰσχύλος ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ σεμνῶς σφόδρα φησίν· Ζεύς ἐστιν αἰθήρ, Ζεὺς δὲ γῆ, Ζεὺς δ' οὐρανός· Ζεύς τοι τὰ πάντα χὥτι τῶνδε τοι ὑπέρτερον. οἶδα ἐγὼ καὶ Πλάτωνα προσμαρτυροῦντα Ἡρακλείτῳ γράφοντι· ἓν τὸ σοφὸν μοῦνον λέγεσθαι οὐκ ἐθέλει καὶ ἐθέλει Ζηνὸς ὄνομα. καὶ πάλιν· νόμος καὶ βουλῇ πείθεσθαι ἑνός. κἂν τὸ ῥητὸν ἐκεῖνο ἀναγαγεῖν ἐθέλῃς ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω, εὕροις ἂν ὧδέ πως ἐμφαινόμενον πρὸς τοῦ Ἐφεσίου· ἀξύνετοι ἀκούσαντες κωφοῖς ἐοίκασι· φάτις αὐτοῖσιν μαρτυρεῖ παρεόντας ἀπεῖναι, Ἀλλ' ἄντικρυς καὶ μίαν ἀρχὴν καὶ παρ' Ἑλλήνων ἀκοῦσαι ποθεῖς; Τίμαιος ὁ Λοκρὸς ἐν τῷ φυσικῷ συγγράμματι κατὰ λέξιν ὧδέ μοι μαρτυρήσει· μία ἀρχὰ πάντων ἐστὶν ἀγένητος· εἰ γὰρ ἐγένετο, οὐκ ἂν ἦν ἔτι ἀρχά, ἀλλ' ἐκείνα, ἐξ ἇς ἁ ἀρχὰ ἐγένετο. ἐρρύη γὰρ ἐκεῖθεν δόξα ἡ ἀληθής· ἄκουε, φησίν, Ἰσραήλ, κύριος ὁ θεός σου εἷς ἐστιν, καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ λατρεύσεις. οὗτος ἰδοὺ πάντεσσι σαφὴς ἀπλάνητος ὑπάρχει, ὥς φησιν ἡ Σίβυλλα. Ἤδη δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρος φαίνεται πατέρα καὶ υἱὸν διὰ τούτων, ὡς ἔτυχεν μαντείας εὐστόχου, λέγων· εἰ μὲν δὴ οὔτις σε βιάζεται οἶον ἐόντα, νοῦσον δ' οὔπως ἔστι ∆ιὸς μεγάλου ἀλέασθαι. οὐ γὰρ Κύκλωπες ∆ιὸς αἰγιόχου ἀλέγουσιν. καὶ πρὸ τούτου Ὀρφεὺς κατὰ τοῦ προκειμένου φερόμενος εἴρηκεν· υἱὲ ∆ιὸς μεγάλοιο, πάτερ ∆ιὸς αἰγιόχοι[ο]. Ξενοκράτης δὲ ὁ Καλχηδόνιος, τὸν μὲν ὕπατον ∆ία, τὸν δὲ νέατον καλῶν, ἔμφασιν πατρὸς ἀπολείπει καὶ υἱοῦ. καὶ τὸ παραδοξότατον, Ὅμηρος γιγνώσκειν φαίνεται τὸ θεῖον ὁ ἀνθρωποπαθεῖς εἰσάγων τοὺς θεούς· ὃν οὐδ' οὕτως αἰδεῖται Ἐπίκουρος. φησὶ γοῦν· τίπτε με, Πηλέος υἱέ, ποσὶν ταχέεσσι διώκεις, αὐτὸς θνητὸς ἐών, θεὸν ἄμβροτον; οὐδέ νυ πώ με ἔγνως ὡς θεός εἰμι. οὐχ ἁλωτὸν γὰρ εἶναι θνητῷ οὐδὲ καταληπτὸν τὸ θεῖον οὔτε ποσὶν οὔτε χερσὶν οὔτε ὀφθαλμοῖς οὐδ' ὅλως τῷ σώματι δεδήλωκεν. τίνι ὡμοιώσατε κύριον; ἢ τίνι ὁμοιώματι ὡμοιώσατε αὐτόν; φησὶν ἡ γραφή. μὴ εἰκόνα ἐποίησε τέκτων, ἢ χρυσοχόος χωνεύσας χρυσίον περιεχρύσωσεν αὐτόν; καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις. Ὅ τε κωμικὸς Ἐπίχαρμος σαφῶς περὶ τοῦ λόγου ἐν τῇ Πολιτείᾳ λέγει ὧδέ πως· ὁ βίος ἀνθρώποις λογισμοῦ καὶ ἀριθμοῦ δεῖται πάνυ· ζῶμεν δὲ ἀριθμῷ καὶ λογισμῷ· ταῦτα γὰρ σῴζει βροτούς· εἶτα διαρρήδην ἐπιφέρει· ὁ λόγος ἀνθρώπους κυβερνᾷ, κατὰ τρόπον σῴζει· εἶτα, εἰ ἔστιν ἀνθρώπῳ λογισμός, ἔστι καὶ θεῖος λόγος· [ὃ μὲν ἐν] ἀνθρώπῳ πέφυκεν περὶ βίου καταστροφάς· ὃ δέ γε τᾶς τέχνας ἅπασι συνέπεται θεῖος λόγος, ἐκδιδάσκων αἰεὶ αὐτὸς αὐτούς, ὅ τι ποιεῖν δεῖ συμφέρον· οὐ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος τέχναν εὗρεν· ὁ δὲ θεὸς ταύταν φέρει. ὁ δέ γε τἀνθρώπου λόγος πέφυκεν ἀπό γε τοῦ θείου λόγου. Ναὶ μὴν διὰ τοῦ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ πνεύματος κεκραγότος τί μοι πλῆθος τῶν θυσιῶν; λέγει κύριος· πλήρης εἰμὶ ὁλοκαυτωμάτων κριῶν καὶ στέαρ ἀρνῶν καὶ αἷμα ταύρων οὐ βούλομαι καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα ἐπάγοντος λούσασθε, καθαροὶ γένεσθε, ἀφέλετε τὰς πονηρίας ἀπὸ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις, Μένανδρος ὁ κωμικὸς αὐταῖς γράφει ταῖς λέξεσιν· εἴ τις δὲ θυσίαν προσφέρων, ὦ Πάμφιλε, ταύρων τι πλῆθος ἢ ἐρίφων, ἢ νὴ ∆ία ἑτέρων τοιούτων, ἢ κατασκευάσματα, χρυσᾶς ποιήσας χλαμύδας ἤτοι πορφυρᾶς, ἢ δι' ἐλέφαντος ἢ σμαράγδου ζῴδια, εὔνουν νομίζει τὸν θεὸν καθιστάναι, πεπλάνηται ἐκεῖνος καὶ φρένας κούφας ἔχει. δεῖ γὰρ τὸν ἄνδρα χρήσιμον πεφυκέναι, μὴ παρθένους φθείροντα καὶ μοιχώμενον, κλέπτοντα καὶ σφάττοντα χρημάτων χάριν· μηδὲ βελόνης ἔναμμα ἐπιθυμήσῃς, Πάμφίλε· ὁ γὰρ θεὸς βλέπει σε πλησίον παρών. θεὸς ἐγγίζων ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐχὶ θεὸς πόρρωθεν· ἢ ποιήσει τι ἄνθρωπος ἐν κρυφαίοις καὶ οὐχὶ ὄψομαι αὐτόν; διὰ Ἱερεμίου φησίν. Καὶ πάλιν ὁ Μένανδρος παραφράζων τὴν γραφὴν ἐκείνην θύσατε θυσίαν δικαιοσύνης καὶ ἐλπίσατε ἐπὶ κύριον ὧδέ πως γράφει· μηδὲ βελόνης, ὦ φίλτατε, ἐπιθυμήσῃς ποτὲ ἀλλοτρίας· ὁ γὰρ θεὸς δικαίοις ἔργοις ἥδεται καὶ οὐκ ἀδίκοις, πονοῦντα δὲ ἐᾷ τὸν ἴδιον ὑψῶσαι βίον, τὴν γῆν ἀροῦντα νύκτα καὶ τὴν ἡμέραν. θεῷ δὲ θῦε διὰ τέλους δίκαιος ὤν, μὴ λαμπρὸς ὢν ταῖς χλαμύσιν ὡς τῇ καρδίᾳ. † βροντῆς ἐὰν † ἀκούσῃς, μὴ φύγῃς, μη[δὲν] συνειδὼς αὐτὸς αὑτῷ, δέσποτα· ὁ γὰρ θεὸς βλέπει σε πλησίον παρών. ἔτι σοῦ λαλοῦντος, φησὶν ἡ γραφή, ἐρῶ· ἰδοὺ πάρειμι. ∆ίφιλος πάλιν ὁ κωμικὸς τοιαῦτά τινα περὶ τῆς κρίσεως διαλέγεται· οἴει σὺ τοὺς θανόντας, ὦ Νικήρατε, τρυφῆς ἁπάσης μεταλαβόντας ἐν βίῳ, πεφευγέναι τὸ θεῖον ὡς λεληθότας; ἔστιν ∆ίκης ὀφθαλμός, ὃς τὰ πάντα ὁρᾷ. καὶ γὰρ καθ' Ἅιδην δύο τρίβους νομίζομεν· μίαν δικαίων, ἑτέραν δὲ ἀσεβῶν εἶναι ὁδόν. καί· εἰ τοὺς δύω καλύψει ἡ γῆ (φησί) τῷ παντὶ χρόνῳ, ἅρπαζε ἀπελθών, κλέπτε, ἀποστέρει, κύκα· μηδὲν πλανηθῇς· ἔστι καὶ ἐν Ἅιδου κρίσις· ἥνπερ ποιήσει ὁ θεὸς ὁ πάντων δεσπότης, οὗ τὸ ὄνομα φοβερὸν ἐστιν οὐδ' ἂν ὀνομάσαιμι ἐγώ· ὃς τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσι πρὸς μῆκος βίον δίδωσιν. Εἴ τις δὲ θνητῶν οἴεται τὸ ὑφ' ἡμέραν κακόν τι πράσσων τοὺς θεοὺς λεληθέναι, δοκεῖ πονηρὰ καὶ δοκῶν ἁλίσκεται, ὅταν σχολὴν ἄγουσα τυγχάνῃ ∆ίκη. Ὁρᾶτε ὅσοι δοκεῖτε οὐκ εἶναι θεόν. ἔστι[ν] γάρ, ἔστιν· εἰ δέ τις πράττει καλῶς, κακὸς πεφυκώς, τὸν χρόνον κερδαινέτω· χρόνῳ γὰρ οὗτος ὕστερον δώσει δίκην. συνᾴδει δὲ τούτοις ἡ τραγῳδία διὰ τῶνδε· ἔσται γάρ, ἔσται κεῖνος αἰῶνος χρόνος, ὅταν πυρὸς γέμοντα θησαυρὸν σχάσῃ χρυσωπὸς αἰθήρ, ἡ δὲ βοσκηθεῖσα φλὸξ ἅπαντα τἀπίγεια καὶ μετάρσια φλέξει μανεῖσα. καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα αὖθις ἐπιφέρει· ἐπὰν δὲ ἐκλίπῃ τὸ πᾶν, φροῦδος μὲν ἔσται κυμάτων ἅπας βυθός, γῆ δὲ ἑδράνων ἔρημος, οὐδ' ἀὴρ ἔτι πτερωτὰ φῦλα βαστάσει πυρουμένη, κἄπειτα σώσει πάντα ἃ πρόσθεν ἀπώλεσεν. τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις κἀν τοῖς Ὀρφικοῖς εὑρήσομεν ὧδέ πως γεγραμμένα· πάντας γὰρ κρύψας καὶ αὖθις φάος ἐς πολυγηθὲς ἐξ ἱερῆς κραδίης ἀνενέγκατο, μέρμερα ῥέζων. ἢν δὲ ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως διαβιώσωμεν, μακάριοι μὲν ἐνταῦθα, μακαριώτεροι δὲ μετὰ τὴν ἐνθένδε ἀπαλλαγήν, οὐ χρόνῳ τινὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἔχοντες, ἀλλὰ ἐν αἰῶνι ἀναπαύεσθαι δυνάμενοι, ἀθανάτοις ἄλλοισιν ὁμέστιοι, ἔν τε τραπέζαις ἐόντες ἀνδρείων ἀχέων ἀπόκληροι, ἀτειρεῖς, ἡ φιλόσοφος Ἐμπεδοκλέους λέγει ποιητική. οὐχ οὕτω τις μέγας ἔσται καὶ καθ' Ἕλληνας ὡς ὑπερέχειν τὴν δίκην, οὐδὲ σμικρὸς ὡς λαθεῖν. ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς Ὀρφεὺς καὶ ταῦτα λέγει· εἰς δὲ λόγον θεῖον βλέψας τούτῳ προσέδρευε, ἰθύνων κραδίης νοερὸν κύτος· εὖ δ' ἐπίβαινε ἀτραπιτοῦ, μοῦνον δ' ἐσόρα κόσμοιο ἄνακτα ἀθάνατον. αὖθίς τε περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀόρατον αὐτὸν λέγων, μόνῳ γνωσθῆναι ἑνί τινί φησι τὸ γένος Χαλδαίῳ, εἴτε τὸν Ἀβραὰμ λέγων τοῦτον εἴτε καὶ τὸν υἱὸν τὸν αὐτοῦ, διὰ τούτων· εἰ μὴ μουνογενής τις ἀπορρὼξ φύλου ἄνωθεν Χαλδαίων· ἴδρις γὰρ ἔην ἄστροιο πορείης, καὶ σφαίρης κίνημ' ἀμφὶ χθόνα θ' ὡς περιτέλλει κυκλοτερὲς ἐν ἴσῳ τε κατὰ σφέτερον κνώδακα, πνεύματα δ' ἡνιοχεῖ περί τ' ἠέρα καὶ περὶ χεῦμα. εἶτα οἷον [παραφράζων] τὸ ὁ οὐρανός μοι θρόνος, ἡ δὲ γῆ ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν μου ἐπιφέρει· αὐτὸς δ' αὖ μέγαν αὖτις ἐπ' οὐρανὸν ἐστήρικται χρυσέῳ εἰνὶ θρόνῳ, γαίη δ' ὑπὸ ποσσὶ βέβηκεν. χεῖρα [δὲ] δεξιτερὴν περὶ τέρμασιν ὠκεανοῖο ἐκτέτακεν, ὀρέων δὲ τρέμει βάσις ἔνδοθι θυμῷ οὐδὲ φέρειν δύναται κρατερὸν μένος. ἔστι δὲ πάντῃ αὐτὸς ἐπουράνιος καὶ ἐπὶ χθονὶ πάντα τελευτᾷ, ἀρχὴν αὐτὸς ἔχων καὶ μέσσην ἠδὲ τελευτήν. ἄλλως οὐ θεμιτόν σε λέγειν· τρομέω δέ τε γυῖα ἐν νόῳ. ἐξ ὑπάτου κραίνει, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις. διὰ γὰρ τούτων δεδήλωκεν πάντα ἐκεῖνα τὰ προφητικά· ἐὰν ἀνοίξῃς τὸν οὐρανόν, τρόμος λήψεται ἀπὸ σοῦ ὄρη καὶ τακήσεται, ὡς ἀπὸ προσώπου πυρὸς τήκεται κηρός· καὶ [τὰ] διὰ Ἡσαΐου τίς ἐμέτρησεν τὸν οὐρανὸν σπιθαμῇ καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν δρακί; πάλιν ὅταν εἴπῃ· αἰθέρος ἠδ' Ἀίδου, πόντου γαίης τε τύραννε, ὃς βρονταῖς σείεις βριαρὸν δόμον Οὐλύμποιο· δαίμονες ὃν φρίσσουσιν, θεῶν δὲ δέδοικεν ὅμιλος· ᾧ Μοῖραι πείθονται, ἀμείλικτοί περ ἐοῦσαι· ἄφθιτε, μητροπάτωρ, οὗ θυμῷ πάντα δονεῖται· ὃς κινεῖς ἀνέμους, νεφέλῃσι δὲ πάντα καλύπτεις, πρηστῆρσι σχίζων πλατὺν αἰθέρα· σὴ μὲν ἐν ἄστροις τάξις, ἀναλλάκτοισιν ἐφημοσύναισ[ι] τρέχουσα· σῷ δὲ θρόνῳ πυρόεντι παρεστᾶσι[ν] πολύμοχθοι ἄγγελοι, οἷσι μέμηλε βροτοῖς ὡς πάντα τελεῖται· σὸν μὲν ἔαρ λάμπει νέον ἄνθεσι πορφυρέοισιν· σὸς χειμὼν ψυχραῖσιν ἐπερχόμενος νεφέλαισιν· σάς ποτε βακχευτὰς Βρόμιος διένειμεν ὀπώρας. εἶτα ἐπιφέρει, ῥητῶς παντοκράτορα ὀνομάζων τὸν θεόν· ἄφθιτον, ἀθάνατον, ῥητὸν μόνον ἀθανάτοισιν. ἐλθέ, μέγιστε θεῶν πάντων, κρατερῇ σὺν ἀνάγκῃ, φρικτός, ἀήττητος, μέγας, ἄφθιτος, ὃν στέφει αἰθήρ. διὰ μὲν τοῦ μητροπάτωρ οὐ μόνον τὴν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων γένεσιν ἐμήνυσεν, δέδωκεν δὲ ἀφορμὰς τοῖς τὰς προβολὰς εἰσάγουσι τάχα καὶ σύζυγον νοῆσαι τοῦ θεοῦ· παραφράζει δὲ ἐκείνας τὰς προφητικὰς γραφάς, τήν τε διὰ Ὠσηὲ ἐγὼ στερεῶν βροντὴν καὶ κτίζων πνεῦμα, οὗ αἱ χεῖρες τὴν στρατιὰν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐθεμελίωσαν, καὶ τὴν διὰ Μωυσέως· ἴδετε ἴδετε, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι, καὶ οὐκ ἔστι θεὸς ἕτερος πλὴν ἐμοῦ· ἐγὼ ἀποκτενῶ καὶ ζῆν ποιήσω· πατάξω κἀγὼ ἰάσομαι· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὃς ἐξελεῖται ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν μου. αὐτὸς δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθοῖο κακὸν θνητοῖσι φυτεύει καὶ πόλεμον κρυόεντα καὶ ἄλγεα δακρυόεντα κατὰ τὸν Ὀρφέα. Τοιαῦτα καὶ ὁ Πάριος Ἀρχίλοχος λέγει· ὦ Ζεῦ, [πάτερ Ζεῦ,] σὸν μὲν οὐρανοῦ κράτος, σὺ δ' ἔργα ἐπ' ἀνθρώπων ὁρᾷς λεωργὰ κἀθέμιστα. πάλιν ἡμῖν ᾀσάτω ὁ Θρᾴκιος Ὀρφεύς· χεῖρα δὲ δεξιτερὴν ἐπὶ τέρματος ὠκεανοῖο πάντοθεν ἐκτέτακεν, γαίη δ' ὑπὸ ποσσὶ βέβηκεν. ταῦτα ἐμφανῶς ἐκεῖθεν εἴληπται· ὁ κύριος σώσει πόλεις κατοικουμένας, καὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην καταλήψεται τῇ χειρὶ ὡς νεοσσιάν· κύριος ὁ ποιήσας τὴν γῆν ἐν ἰσχύι τῇ αὑτοῦ, ὥς φησιν Ἱερεμίας, καὶ ἀνορθώσας τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν τῇ σοφίᾳ αὐτοῦ. ἔτι πρὸς τοῖσδε Φωκυλίδης τοὺς ἀγγέλους δαίμονας καλῶν, τοὺς μὲν εἶναι ἀγαθοὺς αὐτῶν, τοὺς δὲ φαύλους διὰ τούτων παρίστησιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀποστάτας τινὰς παρειλήφαμεν· ἀλλ' ἄρα δαίμονές εἰσιν ἐπ' ἀνδράσιν ἄλλοτε ἄλλοι· οἳ μὲν ἐπερχομένου κακοῦ ἀνέρας ἐκλύσασθαι. καλῶς οὖν καὶ Φιλήμων ὁ κωμικὸς τὴν εἰδωλολατρείαν ἐκκόπτει διὰ τούτων· οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν οὐδεμία Τύχη θεός, οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλὰ ταὐτόματον ὃ γίγνεται ὡς ἔτυχεν ἑκάστῳ, προσαγορεύεται τύχη. Σοφοκλῆς δὲ ὁ τραγῳδοποιὸς οὐδὲ θεοῖς, λέγει, αὐθαίρετα πάντα πέλονται, νόσφι ∆ιός· κεῖνος γὰρ ἔχει τέλος ἠδὲ καὶ ἀρχήν. ὅ τε Ὀρφεύς· ἓν κράτος, εἷς δαίμων γένετο, μέγας οὐρανὸν αἴθων, ἓν δὲ τὰ πάντα τέτυκται, ἐν ᾧ τάδε πάντα κυκλεῖται, πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ γαῖα, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις. Πίνδαρός τε ὁ μελοποιὸς οἷον ἐκβακχεύεται, ἄντικρυς εἰπών· τί θεός; ὅ τι τὸ πᾶν. καὶ πάλιν· θεὸς ὁ πάντα τεύχων βροτοῖς. ἐπὰν δὲ εἴπῃ· τί ἔλπεαι σοφίαν; ὀλίγον τοι ἀνὴρ ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς ἔχει. τὰ θεῶν βουλεύματα ἐρευνᾶσαι βροτέᾳ φρενὶ δύσκολον· θνατᾶς δ' ἀπὸ ματρὸς ἔφυ, ἐκεῖθεν ἔσπακε τὴν διάνοιαν· τίς ἔγνω νοῦν κυρίου; ἢ τίς σύμβου λος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο; ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἡσίοδος δι' ὧν γράφει συνᾴδει τοῖς προειρημένοις· μάντις δ' οὐδείς ἐστιν ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων, ὅστις ἂν εἰδείη Ζηνὸς νόον αἰγιόχοιο. εἰκότως ἄρα Σόλων ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἐν ταῖς ἐλεγείαις, καὶ αὐτὸς κατακολουθήσας Ἡσιόδῳ, πάντῃ δ' ἀθανάτων ἀφανὴς νόος ἀνθρώποισι γράφει. Πάλιν, τοῦ Μωυσέως εἰς μόχθους καὶ πόνους διὰ τὴν παράβασιν τέξεσθαι τὴν γυναῖκα προφητεύσαντος, ποιητής τις οὐκ ἄσημος γράφει· οὐδέ ποτ' ἦμαρ παύσονται καμάτου καὶ ὀιζύος, οὐδέ τι νύκτωρ στεινόμενοι· χαλεπὰς δὲ θεοὶ δώσουσι μερίμνας. ἔτι Ὅμηρος μέν, εἰπὼν αὐτὸς δὲ χρύσεια πατὴρ ἐτίταινε τάλαντα, δίκαιον τὸν θεὸν μηνύει· Μένανδρος δὲ ὁ κωμικός, ἀγαθὸν ἑρμηνεύων τὸν θεόν, φησίν· ἅπαντι δαίμων ἀνδρὶ συμπαρίσταται εὐθὺς γενομένῳ μυσταγωγὸς τοῦ βίου ἀγαθός· κακὸν γὰρ δαίμονα οὐ νομιστέον εἶναι, βίον βλάπτοντα χρηστόν. εἶτα ἐπιφέρει· ἅπαντα δ' ἀγαθὸν εἶναι τὸν θεόν, ἤτοι πάντα θεὸν ἀγαθὸν λέγων ἤ, ὅπερ καὶ μᾶλλον, ἐν πᾶσι τὸν θεὸν ἀγαθόν. Πάλιν αὖ Αἰσχύλος μὲν ὁ τραγῳδοποιός, τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ θεοῦ παρατιθέμενος, οὐκ ὀκνεῖ καὶ ὕψιστον αὐτὸν προσαγορεύειν διὰ τούτων· χώριζε θνητῶν τὸν θεὸν καὶ μὴ δόκει ὅμοιον σαυτῷ σάρκινον καθεστάναι. οὐκ οἶσθα δ' αὐτόν· ποτὲ μὲν ὡς πῦρ φαίνεται ἄπλατος ὁρμή, ποτὲ δὲ ὕδωρ, ποτὲ δὲ γνόφος· καὶ θηρσὶν αὐτὸς γίνεται παρεμφερής, ἀνέμῳ νεφέλῃ τε καὶ ἀστραπῇ, βροντῇ, βροχῇ. ὑπηρετεῖ δὲ αὐτῷ θάλασσα καὶ πέτραι, καὶ πᾶσα πηγὴ καὶ ὕδατος συστήματα. τρέμει δ' ὄρη καὶ γαῖα καὶ πελώριος βυθὸς θαλάσσης καὶ ὀρέων ὕψος μέγα, ἐπὰν ἐπιβλέψῃ γοργὸν ὄμμα δεσπότου. πάντα δυνατὴ γὰρ δόξα ὑψίστου [θεοῦ]. ἆρ' οὐ δοκεῖ σοι ἐκεῖνο παραφράζειν τὸ ἀπὸ προσώπου κυρίου τρέμει ἡ γῆ; Ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ μαντικώτατος Ἀπόλλων, μαρτυρῶν τῇ δόξῃ τοῦ θεοῦ, λέγειν ἀναγκάζεται περὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἡνίκα ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐστράτευον [οἱ] Μῆδοι, ὡς ἐδεῖτό τε καὶ ἱκέτευε τὸν ∆ία περὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς. ἔχει δὲ ὧδε ὁ χρησμός· οὐ δύναται Παλλὰς ∆ί' Ὀλύμπιον ἐξιλάσασθαι, λισσομένη πολλοῖσι λόγοις καὶ μήτιδι πυκνῇ· πολλοὺς δ' ἀθανάτων νηοὺς μαλερῷ πυρὶ δώσει, οἵ που νῦν ἱδρῶτι ῥεεύμενοι ἑστήκασιν δείματι παλλόμενοι, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις. Θεαρίδας δὲ ἐν τῷ Περὶ φύσεως γράφει· ἁ ἀρχὰ τῶν ὄντων, ἀρχὰ μὲν ὄντως ἀληθινά, μία· κείνα γὰρ ἐν ἀρχᾷ τέ ἐστιν ἓν καὶ μόνον, οὐδέ τις ἔσθ' ἕτερος χωρὶς μεγάλου βασιλῆος, Ὀρφεὺς λέγει· ᾧ πειθόμενος ὁ κωμικὸς ∆ίφιλος γνωμικώτατα τὸν ὄντα πάντων, φησί, πατέρα τοῦτον διὰ τέλους τίμα μόνον, ἀγαθῶν τοσούτων εὑρετὴν καὶ κτίστορα. εἰκότως τοίνυν καὶ Πλάτων ἐθίζει τὰς βελτίστας φύσεις ἀφικνεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ μάθημα, ὃ ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν ἔφαμεν εἶναι μέγιστον, ἰδεῖν τε τἀγαθὸν καὶ ἀναβῆναι ἐκείνην τὴν ἀνάβασιν. τοῦτο δέ, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐκ ὀστράκου ἂν εἴη περιστροφή, ἀλλὰ ψυχῆς περιαγωγή, ἐκ νυκτερινῆς τινος ἡμέρας εἰς ἀληθινὴν τοῦ ὄντος οὖσαν ἐπάνοδον, ἣν δὴ φιλοσοφίαν ἀληθῆ φήσομεν εἶναι. καὶ τοὺς ταύτης μετασχόντας τοῦ χρυσοῦ γένους κρίνει, ἐστὲ μὲν δὴ πάντες ἀδελφοί λέγων, οἱ δὲ τοῦ χρυσοῦ γένους κρίνειν ἀκριβέστατα καὶ πάντῃ. Τοῦ πατρὸς ἄρα καὶ ποιητοῦ τῶν συμπάντων ἐμφύτως καὶ ἀδιδάκτως ἀντιλαμβάνεται πάντα πρὸς πάντων, τὰ μὲν ἄψυχα συμπαθοῦντα τῷ ζῴῳ, τῶν δὲ ἐμψύχων τὰ μὲν ἤδη ἀθάνατα καθ' ἡμέραν ἐργαζόμενα, τῶν δὲ ἔτι θνητῶν τὰ μὲν ἐν φόβῳ, καὶ διὰ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν ἔτι κατὰ γαστρὸς ὀχούμενα, τὰ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ λογισμῷ, καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πάντες Ἕλληνές τε καὶ βάρβαροι. γένος δ' οὐδὲν οὐδαμοῦ τῶν γεωργούντων οὐδὲ νομάδων, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τῶν πολιτικῶν δύναται ζῆν, μὴ προκατειλημμένον τῇ τοῦ κρείττονος πίστει. διὸ πᾶν μὲν ἔθνος ἑῴων, πᾶν δὲ ἑσπερίων ἁπτόμενον ᾐ[όνων] βόρειόν τε καὶ τὰ πρὸς τῷ νότῳ πάντα μίαν ἔχει καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν πρόληψιν περὶ τοῦ καταστησαμένου τὴν ἡγεμονίαν, εἴ γε καὶ τὰ καθολικώτατα τῶν ἐνεργημάτων αὐτοῦ διαπεφοίτηκεν ἐπ' ἴσης πάντα· πολὺ δὲ πλέον οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι πολυπράγμονες, οἱ φιλόσοφοι, ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου ὁρμώμενοι φιλοσοφίας [τῷ] ἀοράτῳ καὶ μόνῳ καὶ δυνατωτάτῳ καὶ τεχνικωτάτῳ καὶ τῶν καλλίστων αἰτιωτάτῳ τὴν προνομίαν ἔδοσαν, τὰ ἀκόλουθα τούτοις, εἰ μὴ κατηχηθεῖεν πρὸς ἡμῶν, οὐκ ἐπιστάμενοι, ἀλλ' οὐδ' αὐτὸν ὅπως νοεῖσθαι πέφυκεν τὸν θεόν, μόνον δ', ὡς ἤδη πολλάκις εἰρήκαμεν, κατὰ περίφρασιν ἀληθῆ. εἰκότως οὖν ὁ ἀπόστολος ἢ Ἰουδαίων μόνων φησὶν ὁ θεός; οὐχὶ καὶ Ἑλλήνων; οὐ μόνον προφητικῶς λέγων καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἑλλήνων πιστεύοντας Ἕλληνας εἴσεσθαι τὸν θεόν, ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνο μηνύων, ὡς δυνάμει μὲν ὁ κύριος καὶ θεὸς πάντων ἂν εἴη καὶ τῷ ὄντι παντοκράτωρ, κατὰ δὲ τὴν γνῶσιν οὐ πάντων θεός· οὔτε γὰρ ὅ ἐστιν οὔθ' ὅπως κύριος καὶ πατὴρ καὶ ποιητής, οὐδὲ τὴν ἄλλην ἴσασιν οἰκονομίαν τῆς ἀληθείας, μὴ οὐ πρὸς αὐτῆς διδαχθέντες. Ὡσαύτως καὶ τὰ προφητικὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει τῷ ἀποστολικῷ λόγῳ δύναμιν. Ἡσαΐας μὲν γάρ φησιν· εἰ δὲ λέγετε· ἐπὶ κύριον τὸν θεὸν ἡμῶν πεποίθαμεν· νῦν μίχθητε τῷ κυρίῳ μου βασιλεῖ τῶν Ἀσσυρίων. καὶ ἐπιφέρει· καὶ νῦν μὴ ἄνευ κυρίου ἀνέβημεν ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν ταύτην τοῦ πολεμῆσαι αὐτήν; Ἰωνᾶς δὲ ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς προφήτης τὸ αὐτὸ αἰνίσσεται δι' ὧν φησιν· καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ πρῳρεὺς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· τί σὺ ῥέγχεις; ἀνάστηθι, ἐπικαλοῦ τὸν θεόν σου, ὅπως διασώσῃ ἡμᾶς καὶ μὴ ἀπολώμεθα. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὁ θεός σου τῷ κατ' ἐπίγνωσιν εἰδότι εἶπεν, τῷ δὲ ὅπως διασώσῃ ἡμᾶς ὁ θεὸς τὴν συναίσθησιν τῶν εἰς τὸν παντοκράτορα ἐπιβαλόντων τὸν νοῦν ἐθνῶν ἐδήλωσεν τῶν μηδέπω πεπιστευκότων. καὶ πάλιν ὁ αὐτός· καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· δοῦλος κυρίου ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ κύριον τὸν θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐγὼ φοβοῦμαι. αὖθίς τε ὁ αὐτός· καὶ εἶπαν· μηδαμῶς, κύριε· μὴ ἀπολώμεθα ἕνεκεν τῆς ψυχῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου. Μαλαχίας δὲ ὁ προφήτης ἄντικρυς ἐμφαίνει τὸν θεὸν λέγοντα· θυσίαν οὐ προσδέξομαι ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν, διότι ἀπ' ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου ἕως δυσμῶν τὸ ὄνομά μου δεδόξασται ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι, καὶ ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ θυσία μοι προσφέρεται. καὶ πάλιν· διότι βασιλεὺς μέγας ἐγώ εἰμι, λέγει κύριος παντοκράτωρ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐπιφανὲς ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν. ποῖον ὄνομα; ἐν μὲν τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν ὁ υἱὸς πατέρα μηνύων, ἐν δὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὸ θεὸς ποιητής. τό τε αὐτεξούσιον ὁ Πλάτων ἐνδείκνυται διὰ τῶνδε· ἀρετὴ δὲ ἀδέσποτον, ἣν τιμῶν καὶ ἀτιμάζων πλέον καὶ ἔλαττον ἕκαστος αὐτῆς μεθέξει. αἰτία ἑλομένου· θεὸς ἀναίτιος. κακῶν γὰρ ὁ θεὸς οὔποτε αἴτιος. Ὦ Τρῶες ἀρηίφιλοι, ὁ λυρικός φησι, Ζεὺς ὑψιμέδων, ὃς ἅπαντα δέρκεται, οὐκ αἴτιος θνατοῖς μεγάλων ἀχέων· ἀλλ' ἐν μέσῳ κεῖται κιχεῖν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποισι ∆ίκαν ὁσίαν, ἁγνᾶς Εὐνομίας ἀκόλουθον καὶ πινυτᾶς Θέμιδος· ὀλβίων παῖδες οἵ νιν εὑρόντες σύνοικον. Πίνδαρος δὲ ἄντικρυς καὶ σωτῆρα ∆ία συνοικοῦντα Θέμιδι εἰσάγει, βασιλέα, σωτῆρα δίκαιον, ἑρμηνεύων ὧδέ πως· πρῶτα μὲν εὔβουλον Θέμιν οὐρανίαν χρυσέαισιν ἵπποισιν Ὠκεανοῦ παρὰ παγᾶν Μοῖραι ποτὶ κλίμακα σεμνὰν ἆγον Ὀλύμπου λιπαρὰν καθ' ὁδόν, σωτῆρος ἀρχαίαν ἄλοχον ∆ιὸς ἔμμεν· ἁ δὲ τὰς χρυσάμπυκας ἀγλαοκάρπους τίκτεν ἀλαθέας Ὥρας. ὁ τοίνυν μὴ πειθόμενος τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, διδασκαλίᾳ δὲ ἀνθρωπίνῃ τετυφωμένος, δυσδαίμων, ἄθλιός τε καὶ κατὰ τὸν Εὐριπίδην, ὃς τάδε λεύσσων θεὸν οὐχὶ νοεῖ, μετεωρολόγων δ' ἑκὰς ἔρριψεν σκολιὰς ἀπάτας, ὧν ἀτηρὰ γλῶσσα εἰκοβολεῖ περὶ τῶν ἀφανῶν, οὐδὲν γνώμης μετέχουσα. Ἀφικόμενος οὖν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀληθῆ μάθησιν ὁ βουλόμενος ἀκουέτω μὲν Παρμενίδου τοῦ Ἐλεάτου ὑπισχνουμένου· εἴσῃ δ' αἰθερίαν τε φύσιν τά τ' ἐν αἰθέρι πάντα σήματα καὶ καθαρᾶς εὐαγέος ἠελίοιο λαμπάδος ἔργ' ἀίδηλα καὶ ὁππόθεν ἐξεγένοντο, ἔργα τε κύκλωπος πεύσῃ περίφοιτα σελήνης καὶ φύσιν, εἰδήσεις δὲ καὶ οὐρανὸν ἀμφὶς ἔχοντα, ἔνθεν μὲν γὰρ ἔφυ τε καὶ ὥς μιν ἄγουσα ἐπέδησεν Ἀνάγκη πείρατ' ἔχειν ἄστρων, Μητροδώρου τε, καίτοι Ἐπικουρείου γενομένου, ἐνθέως ταῦτά γε εἰρηκότος· μέμνησο, Μενέστρατε, διότι, θνητὸς φὺς καὶ λαβὼν βίον ὡρισμένον, ἀναβὰς τῇ ψυχῇ ἕως ἐπὶ τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν πραγμάτων κατεῖδες καὶ "τὰ ἐσσόμενα πρό τ' ἐόντα". ὅτε σὺν εὐδαίμονι χορῷ κατὰ τὸν Πλάτωνα μακαρίαν ὄψιν τε καὶ θέαν ἐποπτεύσομεν, ἑπόμενοι μετὰ μὲν ∆ιὸς ἡμεῖς, ἄλλοι δὲ μετ' ἄλλων θεῶν, τελετῶν, ᾗ θέμις λέγειν, μακαριωτάτην τελούμενοι, ἣν ὀργιάζομεν, ὁλόκληροι μὲν αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀπαθεῖς κακῶν, ὅσα ἡμᾶς ἐν ὑστέρῳ χρόνῳ ὑπέμεινεν, ὁλόκληρα δὲ καὶ ἀτρεμῆ φάσματα μυούμενοί τε καὶ ἐποπτεύοντες ἐν αὐγῇ καθαρᾷ, καθαροὶ καὶ ἀσήμαντοι τούτου, ὃ νῦν σῶμα περιφέροντες ὀνομάζομεν, ὀστρέου τρόπον δεδεσμευμένοι. Οἱ δὲ Πυθαγόρειοι τὸν οὐρανὸν τὸν ἀντίχθονα καλοῦσιν, ἐφ' ἧς γῆς δι' Ἱερεμίου· τάξω σε εἰς τέκνα, καὶ δώσω σοι γῆν ἐκλεκτὴν κληρονομίαν θεοῦ παντοκράτορος, ἣν οἱ κληρονομήσαντες βασιλεύσουσι γῆς. Καὶ μυρία ἐπὶ μυρία ἐπὶ μυρίοις ἐπιρρεῖ μοι παρατίθεσθαι, συμμετρίας δ' οὖν ἕνεκα καταπαυστέον ἤδη τὸν λόγον, ὅπως μὴ τὸ τοῦ τραγῳδοποιοῦ Ἀγάθωνος πάθωμεν καὶ αὐτοί· τὸ μὲν πάρεργον ἔργον ὣς ἡγούμενοι, τὸ δ' ἔργον ὡς πάρεργον ἐκπονούμενοι. ∆εδειγμένου τοίνυν σαφῶς, ὡς οἶμαι, ὅπως κλέπτας εἰρῆσθαι πρὸς τοῦ κυρίου τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξακουστέον, ἑκὼν παραλείπω τὰ τῶν φιλοσόφων δόγματα. εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰς λέξεις ἐπίοιμεν αὐτῶν, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιμεν, πλῆθος ὅσον ὑπομνημάτων συνερανίζοντες, ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου φιλοσοφίας πᾶσαν φερομένην τὴν παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐνδεικνύμενοι σοφίαν. ἧς θεωρίας οὐδὲν ἧττον αὖθις ἐφαψόμεθα κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον, ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰς περὶ ἀρχῶν δόξας τὰς παρ' Ἕλλησι φερομένας ἀναλεγώμεθα. πλὴν καὶ τοῦτο ἡμῖν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἡμῖν ἡσυχῇ παρίσταται σκοπεῖν, ὃν τρόπον ταῖς Ἑλληνικαῖς τῷ οἵῳ τε ὄντι διανήχεσθαι τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς κύματα ἐντευκτέον βίβλοις. ὄλβιος, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἄρα ἐστὶν κατὰ τὸν Ἐμπεδοκλέα, ὃς θείων πραπίδων ἐκτήσατο πλοῦτον, δειλὸς δ' ᾧ σκοτόεσσα θεῶν πέρι δόξα μέμηλεν. γνῶσιν καὶ ἀγνωσίαν ὅρους εὐδαιμονίας κακοδαιμονίας τε θείως ἐδήλωσεν. χρὴ γὰρ εὖ μάλα πολλῶν ἴστορας φιλοσόφους ἄνδρας εἶναι καθ' Ἡράκλειτον, καὶ τῷ ὄντι ἀνάγκη πολλὰ πλανηθῆναι διζήμενον ἔμμεναι ἐσθλόν. ἤδη μὲν οὖν δῆλον ἡμῖν ἐκ τῶν προειρημένων ὡς ἀίδιος ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ εὐποιία τυγχάνει καὶ εἰς πάντας ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀνάρχου ἴση ἀτεχνῶς ἡ φυσικὴ δικαιοσύνη, κατ' ἀξίαν ἑκάστου γένους γενομένη, οὐκ ἀρξαμένη ποτέ· οὐ γὰρ ἀρχὴν τοῦ κύριος καὶ ἀγαθὸς εἶναι εἴληφεν ὁ θεὸς ὢν ἀεὶ ὅ ἐστιν, οὐδὲ μὴν παύσεταί ποτε ἀγαθοποιῶν, κἂν εἰς τέλος ἀγάγῃ ἕκαστα. μεταλαμβάνει δὲ τῆς εὐποιίας ἕκαστος ἡμῶν πρὸς ὃ βούλεται, ἐπεὶ τὴν διαφορὰν τῆς ἐκλογῆς ἀξία γενομένη ψυχῆς αἵρεσίς τε καὶ συνάσκησις πεποίηκεν. Ὧδε μὲν οὖν καὶ ὁ πέμπτος ἡμῖν τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀληθῆ φιλοσοφίαν γνωστικῶν ὑπομνημάτων Στρωματεὺς περαιούσθω.