Chapter VII.—What True Philosophy Is, and Whence So Called.

As we have long ago pointed out, what we propose as our subject is not the discipline which obtains in each sect, but that which is really philosophy, strictly systematic Wisdom, which furnishes acquaintance with the things which pertain to life. And we define Wisdom to be certain knowledge, being a sure and irrefragable apprehension of things divine and human, comprehending the present, past, and future, which the Lord hath taught us, both by His advent and by the prophets. And it is irrefragable by reason, inasmuch as it has been communicated. And so it is wholly true according to [God’s] intention, as being known through means of the Son. And in one aspect it is eternal, and in another it becomes useful in time. Partly it is one and the same, partly many and indifferent—partly without any movement of passion, partly with passionate desire—partly perfect, partly incomplete.

This wisdom, then—rectitude of soul and of reason, and purity of life—is the object of the desire of philosophy, which is kindly and lovingly disposed towards wisdom, and does everything to attain it.

Now those are called philosophers, among us, who love Wisdom, the Creator and Teacher of all things, that is, the knowledge of the Son of God; and among the Greeks, those who undertake arguments on virtue. Philosophy, then, consists of such dogmas found in each sect (I mean those of philosophy) as cannot be impugned, with a corresponding life, collected into one selection; and these, stolen from the Barbarian God-given grace, have been adorned by Greek speech. For some they have borrowed, and others they have misunderstood. And in the case of others, what they have spoken, in consequence of being moved, they have not yet perfectly worked out; and others by human conjecture and reasoning, in which also they stumble. And they think that they have hit the truth perfectly; but as we understand them, only partially. They know, then, nothing more than this world. And it is just like geometry, which treats of measures and magnitudes and forms, by delineation on plane-surfaces; and just as painting appears to take in the whole field of view in the scenes represented. But it gives a false description of the view, according to the rules of the art, employing the signs that result from the incidents of the lines of vision. By this means, the higher and lower points in the view, and those between, are preserved; and some objects seem to appear in the foreground, and others in the background, and others to appear in some other way, on the smooth and level surface. So also the philosophers copy the truth, after the manner of painting. And always in the case of each one of them, their self-love is the cause of all their mistakes. Wherefore one ought not, in the desire for the glory that terminates in men, to be animated by self-love; but loving God, to become really holy with wisdom. If, then, one treats what is particular as universal, and regards that, which serves, as the Lord, he misses the truth, not understanding what was spoken by David by way of confession: “I have eaten earth [ashes] like bread.”1470    Ps. cii. 9. The text reads, γῆν σποδόν. Clement seems to have read in Ps. cii. 9, γῆν and σποδόν. The reading of the Septuagint may have crept into the text from the margin. [Elucidation V.] Now, self-love and self-conceit are, in his view, earth and error. But if so, science and knowledge are derived from instruction. And if there is instruction, you must seek for the master. Cleanthes claims Zeno, and Metrodorus Epicurus, and Theophrastus Aristotle, and Plato Socrates. But if I come to Pythagoras, and Pherecydes, and Thales, and the first wise men, I come to a stand in my search for their teacher. Should you say the Egyptians, the Indians, the Babylonians, and the Magi themselves, I will not stop from asking their teacher. And I lead you up to the first generation of men; and from that point I begin to investigate Who is their teacher. No one of men; for they had not yet learned. Nor yet any of the angels: for in the way that angels, in virtue of being angels, speak, men do not hear; nor, as we have ears, have they a tongue to correspond; nor would any one attribute to the angels organs of speech, lips I mean, and the parts contiguous, throat, and windpipe, and chest, breath and air to vibrate. And God is far from calling aloud in the unapproachable sanctity, separated as He is from even the archangels.

And we also have already heard that angels learned the truth, and their rulers over them;1471    [See the interesting passage in Justin Martyr (and note), vol. i. p. 164, this series.] for they had a beginning. It remains, then, for us, ascending to seek their teacher. And since the unoriginated Being is one, the Omnipotent God; one, too, is the First-begotten, “by whom all things were made, and without whom not one thing ever was made.”1472    John i. 3. “For one, in truth, is God, who formed the beginning of all things;” pointing out “the first-begotten Son,” Peter writes, accurately comprehending the statement, “In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth.”1473    Gen. i. 1. And He is called Wisdom by all the prophets. This is He who is the Teacher of all created beings, the Fellow-counsellor of God, who foreknew all things; and He from above, from the first foundation of the world, “in many ways and many times,”1474    Heb. i. 1. trains and perfects; whence it is rightly said, “Call no man your teacher on earth.”1475    Matt. xxiii. 8–10.

You see whence the true philosophy has its handles; though the Law be the image and shadow of the truth: for the Law is the shadow of the truth. But the self-love of the Greeks proclaims certain men as their teachers. As, then, the whole family runs back to God the Creator;1476    Eph. iii. 14, 15. so also all the teaching of good things, which justifies, does to the Lord, and leads and contributes to this.

But if from any creature they received in any way whatever the seeds of the Truth, they did not nourish them; but committing them to a barren and rainless soil, they choked them with weeds, as the Pharisees revolted from the Law, by introducing human teachings,—the cause of these being not the Teacher, but those who choose to disobey. But those of them who believed the Lord’s advent and the plain teaching of the Scriptures, attain to the knowledge of the law; as also those addicted to philosophy, by the teaching of the Lord, are introduced into the knowledge of the true philosophy: “For the oracles of the Lord are pure oracles, melted in the fire, tried in the earth,1477    “Tried in a furnace of earth;” Jerome, “tried in the fire, separated from earth.” purified seven times.”1478    Ps. xii. 6. Just as silver often purified, so is the just man brought to the test, becoming the Lord’s coin and receiving the royal image. Or, since Solomon also calls the “tongue of the righteous man gold that has been subjected to fire,”1479    Prov. x. 20. intimating that the doctrine which has been proved, and is wise, is to be praised and received, whenever it is amply tried by the earth: that is, when the gnostic soul is in manifold ways sanctified, through withdrawal from earthy fires. And the body in which it dwells is purified, being appropriated to the pureness of a holy temple. But the first purification which takes place in the body, the soul being first, is abstinence from evil things, which some consider perfection, and is, in truth, the perfection of the common believer—Jew and Greek. But in the case of the Gnostic, after that which is reckoned perfection in others, his righteousness advances to activity in well-doing. And in whomsoever the increased force1480    The Latin translator appears to have read what seems the true reading, ἐπίτασις, and not, as in the text, ἐπίστασις. of righteousness advances to the doing of good, in his case perfection abides in the fixed habit of well-doing after the likeness of God. For those who are the seed of Abraham, and besides servants of God, are “the called;” and the sons of Jacob are the elect—they who have tripped up the energy of wickedness.

If; then, we assert that Christ Himself is Wisdom, and that it was His working which showed itself in the prophets, by which the gnostic tradition may be learned, as He Himself taught the apostles during His presence; then it follows that the gnosis, which is the knowledge and apprehension of things present, future, and past, which is sure and reliable, as being imparted and revealed by the Son of God, is wisdom.

And if, too, the end of the wise man is contemplation, that of those who are still philosophers aims at it, but never attains it, unless by the process of learning it receives the prophetic utterance which has been made known, by which it grasps both the present, the future, and the past—how they are, were, and shall be.

And the gnosis itself is that which has descended by transmission to a few, having been imparted unwritten by the apostles. Hence, then, knowledge or wisdom ought to be exercised up to the eternal and unchangeable habit of contemplation.

[...] ὡς πάλαι παρεσημειωσάμεθα, οὐ τὴν κατὰ ἑκάστην αἵρεσιν ἀγωγήν φαμεν, ἀλλ', ὅπερ ὄντως ἐστὶ φιλοσοφία, † ὀρθῶς σοφίαν τεχνικήν, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν παρέχουσαν τῶν περὶ τὸν βίον, τὴν δὲ σοφίαν ἔμπεδον γνῶσιν θείων τε καὶ ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων, κατάληψίν τινα βεβαίαν οὖσαν καὶ ἀμετάπτωτον, συνειληφυῖαν τά τε ὄντα καὶ τὰ παρῳχηκότα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἣν ἐδιδάξατο ἡμᾶς διά τε τῆς παρουσίας διά τε τῶν προφητῶν ὁ κύριος. καὶ ἔστιν ἀμετάπτωτος ὑπὸ λόγου, παραδοθεῖσα τῇ αὐτῇ; [ᾗ] καὶ πάντως ἀληθὴς ὑπάρχει, βουλήσει, ὡς διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ ἐγνωσμένη. καὶ ἣ μὲν αἰώνιός ἐστιν, ἣ δὲ χρόνῳ λυσιτελής, καὶ ἣ μὲν μία καὶ ἡ αὐτή, αἳ δὲ πολλαὶ καὶ ἀδιάφοροι, καὶ ἣ μὲν ἄνευ παθητικῆς τινος κινήσεως, ἣ δὲ μετὰ παθητικῆς ὀρέξεως, καὶ ἣ μὲν τέλειος, ἣ δὲ ἐνδεής. Ταύτης οὖν τῆς σοφίας ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ φιλοσοφία, * * τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τῆς ὀρθότητος τοῦ λόγου καὶ τῆς τοῦ βίου καθαρότητος, ἀγαπητικῶς καὶ φιλητικῶς διατεθεῖσα πρὸς τὴν σοφίαν καὶ πάντα πράττουσα ἕνεκα τοῦ τυχεῖν αὐτῆς. φιλόσοφοι δὲ λέγονται παρ' ἡμῖν μὲν οἱ σοφίας ἐρῶντες τῆς πάντων δημιουργοῦ καὶ διδασκάλου, τουτέστι γνώσεως τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, παρ' Ἕλλησι δὲ οἱ τῶν περὶ ἀρετῆς λόγων ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι. εἴη δ' ἂν φιλοσοφία τὰ παρ' ἑκάστῃ τῶν αἱρέσεων (τῶν κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν λέγω) ἀδιάβλητα δόγματα μετὰ τοῦ ὁμολογουμένου βίου εἰς μίαν ἀθροισθέντα ἐκλογήν. ἃ καὶ αὐτά, ἐκ τῆς βαρβάρου κλαπέντα θεοδωρήτου χάριτος, Ἑλληνικῷ κεκόσμηται λόγῳ· τῶν μὲν γὰρ κλέπται, ὧν δὲ καὶ παρήκουσαν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἃ μὲν κινούμενοι εἰρήκασιν, ἀλλ' οὐ τελείως ἐξειργάσαντο, τὰ δὲ ἀνθρωπίνῳ στοχασμῷ τε καὶ ἐπιλογισμῷ, ἐν οἷς καὶ παραπίπτουσιν· ἐπιβάλλειν δ' οἴονται τῇ ἀληθείᾳ οὗτοι μὲν τελείως. ὡς δ' ἡμεῖς αὐτοὺς καταλαμβανόμεθα, μερικῶς. πλέον γοῦν τοῦ κόσμου τούτου οὐκ ἴσασιν οὐδέν. καὶ μὴν ὡς ἡ γεωμετρία περὶ μέτρα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ σχήματα πραγματευομένη διὰ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις καταγραφῆς ἥ τε ζωγραφία τὸν ὀπτικὸν ὅλον τόπον ἐπὶ τῶν σκηνογραφουμένων φαίνεται παραλαμβάνουσα, ταύτῃ δὲ ψευδογραφεῖ τὴν ὄψιν, τοῖς κατὰ προσβολὴν τῶν ὀπτικῶν γραμμῶν σημείοις χρωμένη κατὰ τὸ τεχνικόν (ἐντεῦθεν ἐπιφάσεις καὶ ὑποφάσεις καὶ φάσεις σῴζονται, καὶ τὰ μὲν δοκεῖ προὔχειν, τὰ δὲ εἰσέχειν, τὰ δ' ἄλλως πως φαντάζεσθαι ἐν τῷ ὁμαλῷ καὶ λείῳ), οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ φιλόσοφοι ζωγραφίας δίκην ἀπομιμοῦνται τὴν ἀλήθειαν. φιλαυτία δὲ πάντων ἁμαρτημάτων αἰτία ἑκάστοις ἑκάστοτε. διόπερ οὐ χρὴ τὴν εἰς ἀνθρώπους δόξαν αἱρούμενον φίλαυτον εἶναι, ἀλλὰ τὸν θεὸν ἀγαπῶντα τῷ ὄντι ὅσιον μετὰ φρονήσεως γίνεσθαι. ἂν οὖν τις τοῖς μερικοῖς ὡς τοῖς καθολικοῖς χρώμενος τύχῃ καὶ τὸ δοῦλον ὡς κύριον καὶ ἡγεμόνα τιμᾷ, σφάλλεται τῆς ἀληθείας οὐ συνιεὶς τὸ τῷ ∆αβὶδ κατ' ἐξομολόγησιν εἰρημένον· γῆν [καὶ] σποδὸν ὡσεὶ ἄρτον ἔφαγον. ἡ φιλαυτία δὲ καὶ ἡ οἴησις αὐτῷ γῆ ἐστι καὶ πλάνη. εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, ἐκ μαθήσεως ἡ γνῶσις καὶ ἡ ἐπιστήμη. μαθήσεως δ' οὔσης ζητεῖν ἀνάγκη τὸν διδάσκαλον. Κλεάνθης μὲν γὰρ Ζήνωνα ἐπιγράφεται καὶ Θεόφραστος Ἀριστοτέλη Μητρόδωρός τε Ἐπίκουρον καὶ Πλάτων Σωκράτην· ἀλλὰ κἂν ἐπὶ Πυθαγόραν ἔλθω καὶ Φερεκύδην καὶ Θάλητα καὶ τοὺς πρώτους σοφούς, ἵσταμαι τὸν τούτων διδάσκαλον ζητῶν κἂν Αἰγυπτίους εἴπῃς κἂν Ἰνδοὺς κἂν Βαβυλωνίους κἂν τοὺς Μάγους αὐτούς, οὐ παύσομαι τὸν τούτων διδάσκαλον ἀπαιτῶν, ἀνάγω δέ σε καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν πρώτην γένεσιν ἀνθρώπων, κἀκεῖθεν ἄρχομαι ζητεῖν, τίς ὁ διδάσκαλος; ἀνθρώπων μὲν οὐδείς, οὐδέπω γὰρ μεμαθήκεσαν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἀγγέλων τις, οὔτε γάρ, ὡς μηνύουσιν οἱ ἄγγελοι καθὸ ἄγγελοι, οὕτως ἀκούουσιν ἄνθρωποι, οὔθ', ὡς ἡμῖν τὰ ὦτα, οὕτως ἐκείνοις ἡ γλῶττα. οὐδ' ἂν ὄργανά τις δῴη φωνῆς ἀγγέλοις, χείλη λέγω καὶ τὰ τούτοις παρακείμενα καὶ φάρυγγα καὶ ἀρτηρίαν καὶ σπλάγχνα καὶ πνεῦμα καὶ πλησσόμενον ἀέρα. πολλοῦ γε δεῖ τὸν θεὸν ἐμβοᾶν, ἀπροσίτῳ ἁγιότητι καὶ ἀρχαγγέλων αὐτῶν κεχωρισμένον. ἤδη δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους μεμαθηκέναι παρειλήφαμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τούτων ἄρχοντας· γενητοὶ γάρ. λείπεται τοίνυν ὑπεξαναβάντας ἡμᾶς καὶ τὸν τούτων διδάσκαλον ποθεῖν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἓν μὲν τὸ ἀγέννητον ὁ παντοκράτωρ θεός, ἓν δὲ καὶ τὸ προγεννηθέν, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν (εἷς γὰρ τῷ ὄντι ἐστὶν ὁ θεός, ὃς ἀρχὴν τῶν ἁπάντων ἐποίησεν, μηνύων τὸν πρωτόγονον υἱὸν ὁ Πέτρος γράφει, συνεὶς ἀκριβῶς τό· ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν), σοφία δὲ οὗτος εἴρηται πρὸς ἁπάντων τῶν προφητῶν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τῶν γενητῶν ἁπάντων διδάσκαλος, ὁ σύμβουλος τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ τὰ πάντα προεγνωκότος. ὃ δὲ ἄνωθεν ἐκ πρώτης καταβολῆς κόσμου πολυτρόπως καὶ πολυμερῶς πεπαίδευκέν τε καὶ τελειοῖ. ὅθεν εἰκότως εἴρηται· μὴ εἴπητε ἑαυτοῖς διδάσκαλον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. ὁρᾷς ὁπόθεν ἔχει τὰς λαβὰς ἡ φιλοσοφία ἡ ἀληθής. κἂν ὁ νόμος εἰκὼν καὶ σκιὰ τῆς ἀληθείας τυγχάνῃ, σκιά γε ὁ νόμος τῆς ἀληθείας, ἀλλ' ἡ φιλαυτία τῶν Ἑλλήνων διδασκάλους τινὰς ἀνθρώπους ἀνακηρύττει. Ὡς οὖν ἐπὶ τὸν ποιητὴν τὸν θεὸν πᾶσα ἀνατρέχει πατριά, οὕτως καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον ἡ τῶν καλῶν διδασκαλία καὶ ἡ δικαιοῦσα καὶ εἰς τοῦτο χειραγωγοῦσά τε καὶ συλλαμβάνουσα. εἰ δ' ἔκ τινος ποιήσεως τὰ τῆς ἀληθείας ὁτῳδήποτε τρόπῳ λαβόντες σπέρματα οὐκ ἐξέθρεψάν τινες, γῇ δὲ ἀγόνῳ καὶ ἀνομβρίᾳ παραδεδωκότες ἀγρίαις συνεπνίξαντο βοτάναις, καθάπερ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἐξετράπησαν τοῦ νόμου ἀνθρωπίνας παρεισάγοντες διδασκαλίας, τούτων οὐχ ὁ διδάσκαλος αἴτιος, ἀλλ' οἱ παρακούειν προῃρημένοι. οἱ πεισθέντες δὲ αὐτῶν τῇ τε τοῦ κυρίου παρουσίᾳ καὶ τῇ τῶν γραφῶν σαφηνείᾳ ἐν ἐπιγνώσει γίνονται τοῦ νόμου, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ φιλοσοφίας διὰ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου διδασκαλίας ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τῆς ἀληθοῦς φιλοσοφίας καθίστανται. τὰ λόγια γὰρ κυρίου λόγια ἁγνά, ἀργύριον πεπυρωμένον δοκίμιον, τῇ γῇ κεκαθαρισμένον ἑπταπλασίως. ἤτοι ὡς ἄρ γυρος πολλάκις ἀποκαθαρθεὶς εἰς δοκίμιον καθίσταται ὁ δίκαιος, νόμισμα κυρίου γενόμενος καὶ χάραγμα βασιλικὸν ἀναδεξάμενος, ἤ, ἐπεὶ καὶ Σολομὼν λέγει γλῶσσαν δικαίου ἄργυρον πεπυρωμένον, τὴν δεδοκιμασμένην καὶ σοφὴν διδασκαλίαν ἐπαινετὴν καὶ ἀποδεκτὴν τυγχάνει μηνύων, ὅταν ἐκκεκαθαρμένη πλουσίως τυγχάνῃ τῇ γῇ, τουτέστιν ὅταν πολυτρόπως ἡ γνωστικὴ ψυχὴ ἁγιάζηται κατὰ τὴν ἀποχὴν τῶν γεωδῶν πυρώσεων. ἁγνίζεται δὲ καὶ τὸ σῶμα, ἐν ᾧ οἰκεῖ, ἐξιδιοποιούμενον εἰς εἰλικρίνειαν ἁγίου νεώ· ὁ δὲ ἐν τῷ σώματι καθαρισμὸς τῆς ψυχῆς πρώτης πρῶτος οὗτός ἐστιν, ἡ ἀποχὴ τῶν κακῶν, ἥν τινες τελείωσιν ἡγοῦνται, καὶ ἔστιν ἁπλῶς τοῦ κοινοῦ πιστοῦ, Ἰουδαίου τε καὶ Ἕλληνος, ἡ τελείωσις αὕτη· τοῦ δὲ γνωστικοῦ μετὰ τὴν ἄλλοις νομιζομένην τελείωσιν ἡ δικαιοσύνη εἰς ἐνέργειαν εὐποιίας προβαίνει· καὶ ὅτῳ δὴ ἡ ἐπίτασις τῆς δικαιοσύνης εἰς ἀγαθοποιίαν ἐπιδέδωκεν, τούτῳ ἡ τελείωσις ἐν ἀμεταβόλῳ ἕξει εὐποιίας καθ' ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ θεοῦ διαμένει· οἳ μὲν γὰρ σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ, δοῦλοι ἔτι τοῦ θεοῦ, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ κλητοί· υἱοὶ δὲ Ἰακὼβ οἱ ἐκλεκτοὶ αὐτοῦ, οἱ τῆς κακίας πτερνίσαντες τὴν ἐνέργειαν. Εἰ τοίνυν αὐτόν τε τὸν Χριστὸν σοφίαν φαμὲν καὶ τὴν ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ τὴν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν, δι' ἧς ἔστι τὴν γνωστικὴν παράδοσιν ἐκμανθάνειν, ὡς αὐτὸς κατὰ τὴν παρουσίαν τοὺς ἁγίους ἐδίδαξεν ἀποστόλους, σοφία εἴη ἂν ἡ γνῶσις, ἐπιστήμη οὖσα καὶ κατάληψις τῶν ὄντων τε καὶ ἐσομένων καὶ παρῳχηκότων βεβαία καὶ ἀσφαλής, ὡς ἂν παρὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ παραδοθεῖσα καὶ ἀποκαλυφθεῖσα. καὶ δὴ καὶ εἰ ἔστι τέλος τοῦ σοφοῦ ἡ θεωρία, ὀρέγεται μὲν ὁ μὲν ἔτι φιλοσοφῶν τῆς θείας ἐπιστήμης, οὐδέπω δὲ τυγχάνει. ἢν μὴ μαθήσει παραλάβῃ σαφηνισθεῖσαν αὐτῷ τὴν προφητικὴν φωνήν, δι' ἧς τά τ' ἐόντα τά τ' ἐσόμενα πρό τ' ἐόντα, ὅπως ἔχει τε καὶ ἔσχεν καὶ ἕξει, παραλαμβάνει. ἡ γνῶσις δὲ αὕτη ἡ κατὰ διαδοχὰς εἰς ὀλίγους ἐκ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀγράφως παραδοθεῖσα κατελήλυθεν. Ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἄρα γνῶσιν εἴτε σοφίαν συνασκηθῆναι χρὴ εἰς ἕξιν θεωρίας ἀίδιον καὶ ἀναλλοίωτον·