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torturer, or executioner, or the one chosen by lot by the people to kill. it is said from *kainō*, to strike and to kill. the one from delta.496 the people entrusted to kill. and by an exchange of alpha for eta, *dēmokoinos*. Demos. the crowd. from *deō*, to bind, the bound-together multitude, *desmos* and *dēmos*. as *menō*, *menis* and *mēnis*. or from *demas*, as if being one body. or from *dasmos*, the division. hence also Demeter, the mother of the divisions, and *dais*, the meal. or from *deō*, to bind, *demos* and *dēmos*. by antiphrasis, the easily dissolved. Demosthenes. It must be known that in the case of *Dēmostheneos* becoming *Dēmosthenous* there is not synaeresis, but crasis. For crasis is one thing and synaeresis is another. For synaeresis preserves all the same vowels and does not make a change of the vowels, for example: *païs*, *pais*; *Pēleï*, *Pēlei*. But crasis always works an alteration of the vowels, for example: *to emon*, *toumon*; *noos*, *nous*. And if then in the genitive *Dēmostheneos* there is crasis and not synaeresis, why did the grammarian say: every genitive ending in -ous is contracted (synaeretic); and did not say 'crasis has occurred'? And it is possible to say that synaeresis is general, and is divided into two kinds: into crasis and into that which is called homonymous synaeresis. Therefore he called crasis by the general name when it is contracted. For we often address the species by the name of the genus.delta.497 For behold, we name man, being a species of animal, homonymously with the general 'animal'. It must be known that -eo is mixed in three ways: into the diphthong -ou among us and among the Athenians, for example: *Dēmostheneos*, *Dēmosthenous*. among the Dorians and the Ionians, for example: *ho Odysseus*, *tou Odysseus*, for example: Odysseus, taking, kissed his hand at the wrist. instead of 'of Odysseus', he took his hand and kissed it. and rarely into the diphthong -ei among the Athenians, for example: *pleon* *plein*, *deon* *dein*. as in Aristophanes in the Frogs: Euripides more than a stadium more chattering. instead of 'of Euripides more stadia more nonsensical.' Demosthenen. It must be known that when -e is preceded by a vowel, then -e and -a are mixed into eta, and into a long alpha, clearly. for example *ton euphyea* and *euphyē* and *euphya*. But when -e is preceded by a consonant, then -e and -a are mixed into a long eta. for example *Dēmosthenea*, *Dēmosthenē*, *teuchea*, *teuchē*. But if someone should say how in the case of *chalkea*, *chalka* and *kanea*, *kana*, and similar cases, the crasis of -e and -a with a consonant preceding became -a, we say that their nominatives are stated in two ways, fully and by crasis; and fully, for example *chalkeon* and *kaneon*; but by crasis, for example *chalkoun* and *kanoun*. Therefore the full nominatives came from the full nominatives, and the contracted ones from the contracted ones. It must be known that the Athenians, in the case of proper names in -os which have the genitive in -ous, make the accusative in -n, and the vocative in -ē. for example, *Aristophanēn*, o *Aristophanē*. But in the case of adjectives they make neither the accusative in -n, nor the vocative in -ē. And it is worth investigating why in the case of adjectives they do not do similarly to the proper names. And it is possible to say that if the Athenians had made the accusative of adjectives in -n, they would have been forceddelta.498 to also make the vocative in -ē; and with the vocative ending in eta, they would have been forced also for the neuters to end in eta; since every neuter derived from a masculine and declined imparisyllabically, sounds the same as the vocative of the masculine. But neuters cannot end in eta, since -o is not a final of singular neuters. Demostheneis. Why the diphthong -eis? It must be known that the two -ee's in the nominative plural are mixed into the diphthong -ei. for example *Dēmosthenees*, *Dēmostheneis*. But in the nominative dual into eta, since the iota is not characteristic. For this reason the two -ee's are not mixed into the diphthong -ei, but into eta. Furthermore, the nominative plural uses more sounds in relation to the nominative dual; for example *tōi Homērōi*, *hoi Homēroi*. and for this reason the two -ee's, in the nominative plural are mixed into the diphthong -ei, but in the nominative dual into eta, so that the

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βασανιστὴς, η δήμιος, η ὁ ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου τὸ φονεύειν κληρωθείς. ειρηται παρὰ τὸ καίνω τὸ κόπτω καὶ φονεύω. ὁ ἐκ delta.496 τοῦ δήμου ἐπιτετραμμένος καίνειν. καὶ ἀμοιβῇ τοῦ ˉα εἰς ˉη δημόκοινος. ∆ῆμοσ. ὁ οχλος. παρὰ τὸ δέω τὸ δεσμεύω τὸ συνδεδεμένον πλῆθος, δεσμὸς καὶ δῆμος. ὡς μένω, μένις καὶ μῆνις. η παρὰ τὸ δέμας, οιον εν σῶμα ὑπάρχον. η παρὰ τὸν δασμὸν τὸν μερισμόν. ενθεν καὶ ∆ημήτηρ, ἡ τῶν δασμῶν μήτηρ, καὶ δαὶς, ἡ τροφή. η παρὰ τὸ δέω τὸ δεσμεύω, δέμος καὶ δῆμος. κατὰ ἀντίφρασιν τὸ εὐδιάλυτον. ∆ημοσθένησ. ἰστέον, οτι ἐπὶ τοῦ ∆ημοσθένεος ∆ημοσθένους οὐκ εστι συναίρεσις, ἀλλὰ κρᾶσις. αλλο γὰρ κρᾶσις καὶ αλλο συναίρεσις. ἡ μὲν γὰρ συναίρεσις πάντα τὰ αὐτὰ φωνήεντα φυλάσσει καὶ οὐ ποιεῖ ἀλλαγὴν τῶν φωνηέντων, οιον· πάϊς, παῖς· Πηλέϊ, Πηλεῖ. ἡ δὲ κρᾶσις πάντως ἀλλοίωσιν ἐργάζεται τῶν φωνηέντων, οιον· τὸ ἐμὸν, τοὐμόν· νόος, νοῦς. καὶ εἰ αρα ἐν τῇ ∆ημοσθένεος γενικῇ κρᾶσις ἐστὶ καὶ οὐ συναίρεσις, διὰ τί ειπεν ὁ τεχνικός· πᾶσα γενικὴ εἰς ˉοˉυˉς λήγουσα συνῃρημένη ἐστί· καὶ οὐκ ειπε κεκραμένη; καὶ εστιν εἰπεῖν, οτι ἡ συναίρεσις γενική ἐστι, καὶ συναιρεῖται εἰς ειδη δύο· εἰς κρᾶσιν καὶ εἰς ὁμώνυμον λεγομένην συναίρεσιν. τῷ ουν γενικῇ ὀνόματι οτε συναιρεῖται τὴν κρᾶσιν ἐκάλεσε. πολλάκις γὰρ τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ γένους τὰ ειδη προσαγορεύοdelta.497 μεν. ἰδοὺ γὰρ τὸ ανθρωπος ειδος ων τοῦ ζώου ὁμωνύμως τοῦ γενικοῦ ζώου ὀνομάζομεν. ἰστέον, οτι τὸ ˉεˉο τριχῶς κιρνᾶται· εἰς τὴν ˉοˉυ δίφθογγον παρ' ἡμῖν καὶ παρ' ̓Αθηναίοις, οιον· ∆ημοσθένεος, ∆ημοσθένους. παρὰ τοῖς ∆ωριεῦσι καὶ τοῖς Ιωσιν, οιον· ὁ ̓Οδυσσεὺς, τοῦ ̓Οδυσσεῦς, οιον· ̓Οδυσσεῦς δὲ λαβὼν κῦσε χεῖρ' ἐπὶ καρπῷ. ἀντὶ τοῦ ̓Οδυσσέως τὴν χεῖρα λαβὼν ἐφίλησε. σπανίως δὲ εἰς τὴν ˉεˉι δίφθογγον παρ' ̓Αθηναίοις, οιον· πλέον πλεῖν, δέον δεῖν. ὡς παρὰ ̓Αριστοφάνῃ ἐν Βατράχοις· Εὐριπίδης πλεῖν σταδία λαλίστερα. ἀντὶ τοῦ Εὐριπίδου πλέον σταδία φλυαρώτερα. ∆ημοσθένην. ̓Ιστέον, οτι ἡνίκα μὲν τὸ ˉε καὶ προηγεῖται φωνῆεν, τότε τὸ ˉε καὶ ˉα εἰς ητα κιρνᾶται, καὶ εἰς ˉα δηλονότι μακρόν. οιον τὸν εὐφυέα καὶ εὐφυῆ καὶ εὐφυᾶ. ἡνίκα δὲ τοῦ ˉε προηγεῖται σύμφωνον, τότε τὸ ˉε καὶ ˉα εἰς ητα κιρνᾶται μακρόν. οιον ∆ημοσθένεα, ∆ημοσθένη, τεύχεα, τεύχη. εἰ δέ τις ειπῃ καὶ πῶς ἐπὶ τοῦ χάλκεα χαλκᾶ καὶ κάνεα κανᾶ, καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων εἰς ˉα ἐγένετο ἡ κρᾶσις τοῦ ˉε καὶ ˉα συμφώνου ἐπιφερομένου, λέγομεν, οτι αἱ εὐθεῖαι αὐτῶν δίχα ειρηνται ἐντελῶς καὶ κατὰ κρᾶσιν· καὶ ἐντελῶς μὲν, οιον χάλκεον καὶ κάνεον· κατὰ κρᾶσιν δὲ, οιον χαλκοῦν καὶ κανοῦν. αἱ ουν ἐντελεῖς εὐθεῖαι ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντελῶν εὐθειῶν ἐγένοντο, αἱ δὲ συνῃρημέναι ἀπὸ τῶν συνῃρημένων. ̓Ιστέον, οτι οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν εἰς ˉοˉς κυρίων τῶν εἰς ˉοˉυˉς ἐχόντων τὴν γενικὴν ποιοῦσι τὴν αἰτιατικὴν εἰς ˉν, καὶ τὴν κλητικὴν εἰς ˉη. οιον, ̓Αριστοφάνην, ω ̓Αριστοφάνη. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἐπιθέτων ουτε εἰς ˉν ποιοῦσι τὴν αἰτιατικὴν, ουτε εἰς ˉη τὴν κλητικήν. καὶ αξιον ἐστὶ ζητῆσαι, διατί καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιθέτων οὐ ποιοῦσιν ὁμοίως τοῖς κυρίοις. καὶ εστιν εἰπεῖν, οτι εἰ ἐποίησαν οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιθέτων εἰς ˉν τὴν αἰτιατικὴν, ἠναγκάζονdelta.498 το καὶ τὴν κλητικὴν εἰς ˉη ποιῆσαι· τῆς δὲ κλητικῆς εἰς ητα ληγούσης, ἠναγκάζοντο καὶ τὰ οὐδέτερα εἰς ητα καταλῆξαι· ἐπειδὴ πᾶν οὐδέτερον ἀπὸ ἀρσενικοῦ παρεσχηματισμένον καὶ περιττοσυλλάβως κλινόμενον, τῇ κλητικῇ τοῦ ἀρσενικοῦ ὁμοφωνεῖ. οὐ δύναται δὲ τὰ οὐδέτερα εἰς ητα καταλήγειν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ˉο οὐκ εστι τελικὸν τῶν ἑνικῶν οὐδέτερον. ∆ημοσθένεις. τὸν ˉεˉιˉς δίφθογγον διατί; ̓Ιστέον, οτι τὰ δύο ˉεˉε ἐπὶ τῆς εὐθείας τῶν πληθυντικῶν εἰς τὴν ˉεˉι δίφθογγον κιρνᾶται. οιον ∆ημοσθένεες ∆ημοσθένεις. ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς εὐθείας τῶν δυϊκῶν εἰς ητα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἰῶτα οὐκ εστι χαρακτηριστικόν. τούτου χάριν οὐ κιρνᾶται τὰ δύο ˉεˉε εἰς τὴν ˉεˉι δίφθογγον, ἀλλ' εἰς ητα. Ετι ἡ εὐθεῖα τῶν πληθυντικῶν πλείοσι φωναῖς κέχρηται ὡς πρὸς τὴν εὐθεῖαν τῶν δυϊκῶν· οιον τῷ ̔Ομήρῳ, οἱ Ομηροι. καὶ τούτου χάριν τὰ δύο ˉεˉε, ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς εὐθείας τῶν πληθυντικῶν εἰς τὴν ˉεˉι δίφθογγον κιρνᾶται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς εὐθείας τῶν δυϊκῶν εἰς ητα, ινα εὑρεθῇ ἡ