123

Therefore this nature which energizes all things not being so, the contemplative energy of the Spirit will be created, and from this, according to Barlaam. But the divine providence is participated in by those who attain to it; "for all," he says, "beings partake of providence, which gushes forth from the all-causative divinity"; but in essence God is imparticipable, according to the divine Maximus, in which alone He is uncreated, according to Barlaam. Therefore, according to him, and from this, divine providence is also created. And the brilliance of God is both participated in and divided; for, he says, "the Lord revealed it dimly on the mountain" and the initiates saw it not in its entirety "lest with the vision they also lose their life." But that the division is of the energy and not of the essence, the father Chrysostom declares. But also, "let the brilliance of our God be upon us," says the psalmist prophet; and "this moderate light here leads me to this, to see and experience the brilliance of God," says Gregory the Theologian; and he who radiates the true and unsuccessive light, according to Basil the Great, makes those who partake of him into other divine (p. 596) suns; "for the righteous will also shine like the sun." But the divine nature is beyond all participation, which alone Barlaam declared to be uncreated light. Therefore according to him the most divine light is also created, since this is also named in some way; but the divine nature is altogether nameless as it is above name.

As we were saying these and such things against the impious writings and preachings of Barlaam, it was necessary for him, having learned the truth from this, to put away his impious opinion. For with how much cheerfulness, you might say! And before the refutations know well that we endured for a long time, leading him toward piety. But he, yielding not even to the refutations, just as he had not previously to the exhortatory and supplicatory words, still more, as he supposed, declaring the most divine light and every divine power and energy to be created, from the patristic sayings put forth by us on behalf of these things he gathered and composed against us, or rather, against the holy fathers themselves, the "superior and inferior divinity," and proclaiming this, he at the same time incited those who heard us without examination and, fleeing the supposed absurdity, persuades them to call that light created and every power and energy of God that differs in any way from the divine essence, so that they themselves might not fall into such a ditheism. "For if the light," he says, "is uncreated, which is caused and participated and became visible on the mountain, which is in some way called divinity, and the nature of God which is beyond all cause and participation, vision and comprehension, name and manifestation, how will there be one, and not two uncreated divinities, a superior and an inferior?" The wretch not seeing that if indeed the divine light were a creature and every divine energy or differed from the divine essence, as he himself says, thus it would be all the more impossible for there to be one divinity. For there will be (p. 598) no uncreated divinity; for the nature whose energy is created is also created.

But it is not possible for the uncreated and the created things to come together into one divinity. From what he himself says, therefore, there properly come to be two divinities of God, the one superior in every way and always, as being an uncreated divinity, and the other inferior and divided in every way and always as being a created divinity. But in an uncreated essence and natural power and will and brilliance and energy there is one divinity, since the natural properties have of themselves an indivisible union with the corresponding nature and according to their uncreatedness are one and equal and simple. For that which does not have a natural power and energy is not simple, but non-existent; and that which is according to cause and effect, both participable and imparticipable, both characterizing and being characterized and such things

123

Μή οὖσα τοιγαροῦν ἡ πάντα ἐνεργοῦσα φύσις αὕτη, κτιστή ἔσται κἀντεῦθεν κατά τόν Βαρλαάμ ἡ θεατική ἐνέργεια τοῦ Πνεύματος. Ἡ δέ θεία πρόνοια μετέχεται παρά τῶν ἐπιτυγχανόντων ταύτης˙ «πάντα γάρ», φησί, «τά ὄντα μετέχει προνοίας, παρά τῆς παναιτίου θεότητος ἐκβλυζομένης»˙ κατ᾿ οὐσίαν δέ ὁ Θεός ἀμέθεκτός ἐστι κατά τόν θεῖον Μάξιμον καθ᾿ ἥν μόνην ἄκτιστός ἐστι κατά τόν Βαρλαάμ. Οὐκοῦν κατ᾿ αὐτόν κἀντεῦθεν καί ἡ θεία πρόνοια κτιστή. Ἡ δέ τοῦ Θεοῦ λαμπρότης καί μετέχεται καί μερίζεται˙ «ἀμυδρά» γάρ, φησίν, «αὐτήν παρεγύμνωσεν ὁ Κύριος ἐπ᾿ ὄρους» οἵ τε μύσται ταύτην εἶδον οὐχ ὁλόκληρον «ἵνα μή σύν τῇ ὁράσει καί τό ζῆν ἀπολέσωσιν». Τό δέ μερίζεσθαι τῆς ἐνεργείας ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τῆς οὐσίας ὁ Χρυσόστομος ἀποφαίνεται πατήρ. Ἀλλά καί «ἡ λαμπρότης τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἔστω ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς», φησίν ὁ ψαλψῳδός προφήτης˙ καί «εἰς τοῦτό με φέρει τό μέτριον ἐνταῦθα φέγγος, λαμπρότητα Θεοῦ ἰδεῖν καί παθεῖν, φησίν ὁ θεολόγος Γρηγόριος˙ καί ὁ ἀπαστράπτων τό ἀληθινόν καί ἀδιάδοχον φῶς, κατά τόν μέγαν Βασίλειον, τούς αὐτοῦ μετέχοντας ἄλλους (σελ. 596) ἡλίους ἀπεργάζεται θείους˙ «λάμψουσι γάρ καί οἱ δίκαιοι ὡς ὁ ἥλιος». Ἡ δέ θεία φύσις ὑπέρ πᾶσαν μέθεξίν ἐστιν, ἥν μόνην ἄκτιστον φῶς ὁ Βαρλαάμ ἀπεφήνατο. Κατ᾿ αὐτόν οὖν κτιστόν ἐστι καί τό θειότατον φῶς, ἐπεί καί ὀνομάζεταί πως τοῦτο˙ ἡ δέ θεία φύσις παντάπασιν ἀνώνυμός ἐστιν ὡς ὑπερώνυμος.

Ταῦτα καί τά τοιαῦτα λεγόντων ἡμῶν πρός τά τοῦ Βαρλαάμ δυσσεβῆ συγγράμματά τε καί κηρύγματα, δέον ἐντεῦθεν ἐκεῖνον τἀληθές καταμαθόντα τήν δυσσεβῆ γνώμην ἀποθέσθαι. Μεθ᾿ ἱλαρότητος γάρ πόσης, ἄν εἴπῃς! Καί πρό τῶν ἐλέγχων πολύν ὑπεμείναμεν εὖ ἴσθι χρόνον, τοῦτον ἐνάγοντες πρός τήν εὐσέβειαν. Ὁ δέ μηδέ τοῖς ἐλέγχοις εἴξας, καθάπερ οὐδέ πρότερον τοῖς προτρετικοῖς καί παρακλητικοῖς τῶν λόγων, ἔτι μᾶλλον, ὡς ᾤετο, κτιστόν ἀποφαίνων τό θειότατον φῶς καί πᾶσαν θείαν δύναμιν καί ἐνέργειαν, ἐκ τῶν παρ᾿ ἡμῶν προτεινομένων ὑπέρ τούτων πατερικῶν ρημάτων συνήγαγε καί συνέθηκε καθ᾿ ἡμῶν, μᾶλλον δέ κατ᾿ αὐτῶν τῶν ἱερῶν πατέρων, τήν «ὑπερκειμένην καί ὑφειμένην θεότητα, καί ταύτην περιαγγέλλων, ἅμα τε τούς ἀνεξετάστως ἀκούοντας ἡμῶν ἐπεγείρει καί τό δῆθεν ἄτοπον φεύγοντας πείθει κτιστόν λέγειν ἐκεῖνο τό φῶς καί πᾶσαν δύναμιν Θεοῦ καί ἐνέργειαν τῆς θείας οὐσίας ὁπωσδήποτε διαφέρουσαν, ἵνα μή τῇ τοιαύτῃ διθεΐα καί αὐτοί περιπέσωσιν. «Εἰ γάρ καί τό φῶς», φησίν, «ἄκτιστον, τό αἰτιατόν καί μεθεκτόν καί ὁρατόν ἐπ᾿ ὄρους γεγονός, ὁπωσδήποτε θεότης προσαγορευόμενον, καί ἡ ὑπέρ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν καί μέθεξιν, ὅρασίν τε καί κατάληψιν, ἐπωνυμίαν τε καί ἔκφανσιν φύσις τοῦ Θεοῦ, πῶς μία ἔσται, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχί δύο ἄκτιστοι θεότητες, ὑπερκειμένη καί ὑφειμένη»; Μή συνορῶν ὁ τάλας ὡς εἴπερ εἴη τό θεῖον φῶς κτίσμα καί πᾶσα θεία ἐνέργεια ἤ τῆς θείας διενήνοχεν οὐσίας, καθά φησιν αὐτός, οὕτω μᾶλλον ἀδύνατον μίαν εἶναι θεότητα. Οὐδεμία γάρ (σελ. 598) ἔσται ἄκτιστος θεότης˙ κτιστή γάρ ἐστι καί ἡ φύσις ἧς ἡ ἐνέργεια κτιστή.

Ἀλλ᾿ οὐδέ δυνατόν συνελθεῖν εἰς μίαν θεότητα τό ἄκτιστον καί τά κτιστά. Ἐξ᾿ ὧν οὖν αὐτός φησι, δύο τοῦ Θεοῦ κυρίως γίνονται θεότητες, ἡ μέν ὑπερκειμένη κατά πάντα τρόπον καί ἀεί, ὡς ἄκτιστος ὑπάρχουσα θεότης, ἡ δέ ὑφειμένη καί διῃρημένη κατά πάντα τρόπον καί ἀεί ὡς κτιστή ὑπάρχουσα θεότης. Ἐν ἀκτίστῳ δέ οὐσίᾳ καί φυσικῇ δυνάμει καί θελήσει καί λαμπρότητι καί ἐνεργείᾳ μία ἐστί θεότης, αὐτόθεν τῶν φυσικῶν πρός τήν κατάλληλον φύσιν τήν ἀδιάσπαστον ἕνωσιν ἐχόντων καί κατά τό ἄκτιστον ἕν ὄντων καί ἴσον καί ἁπλοῦν. Τό γάρ μή φυσικήν ἔχον δύναμιν καί ἐνέργειαν οὐχ ἁπλοῦν ἐστιν, ἀλλά μή ὄν˙ καί τό κατά τό αἴτιον καί αἰτιατόν, μεθεκτόν τε καί ἀμέθεκτον, χαρακτηρίζον τε καί χαρακτηριζόμενον καί τά τοιαῦτα