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established for those who had first done wrong, commanding an eye to be knocked out for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, and to avenge murder for murder; for the second one doing wrong does wrong no less, differing only in the order while performing the same deed. But this commandment, otherwise, both was and is just, established as a deviation from the pure law on account of the weakness of those for whom it was legislated, but it is foreign to the nature and goodness of the Father of all. And perhaps this is suitable, but rather necessary; for he who did not want even one murder to occur, in saying "You shall not murder," having commanded the murderer to be killed in return, legislating a second law and decreeing two murders—he who had forbidden one—was unwittingly carried away by necessity. Therefore indeed the Son who came from him has abrogated this part of the law, having confessed that it too is from God, just as in the other things † it is reckoned by the old heresy and in what he said, "God said: He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him surely die." 1.455 And there is a typical part of it, that established as a type of spiritual and excellent things, I mean the things legislated in offerings and circumcision and Sabbath and fasting and Passover and unleavened bread and such things. For all these things, being types and symbols, were changed when the truth was revealed; according to their visible aspect and their bodily performance they were abrogated, but according to the spiritual they were taken up, while the names themselves remained, but the realities were changed. For the Savior also commanded us to offer offerings, but not those through irrational animals or these incenses, but through spiritual praises and glories and thanksgiving and through fellowship and well-doing toward neighbors. And he wants us to be circumcised, but not of the bodily foreskin, but of the spiritual heart. and to keep the Sabbath; for he wants us to rest from wicked works. And also to fast; but he does not want us to fast the bodily fast, but the spiritual, in which there is abstinence from all evil things. Nevertheless, the visible fast is also observed among our people, since this, when done with reason, can also contribute something to the soul, whenever it is done neither for the sake of imitation of certain people, nor through custom, nor on account of the day, as if a day were appointed for this purpose. and at the same time also for a remembrance of the true fast, so that those not yet able to fast that one may have a remembrance of it from the visible fast. And that the Passover likewise, and the unleavened bread, were types, the apostle Paul also shows, saying, "For Christ our Passover has been sacrificed," and, "that you may be," he says, "unleavened, not partaking of leaven" (now he calls wickedness leaven), "but that you may be a new lump." 6. In this way, then, the law itself, though confessed to be of God, is divided into three: into that which is fulfilled by the Savior—for "You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not perjure yourself" is contained in not being angry, not lusting, and not swearing; it is divided also into that which is completely abrogated. For "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth," being interwoven with injustice and itself having the work of injustice, was abrogated by the Savior through its opposites. And opposites are destructive of one another; "For I say to you, do not resist the evil one at all, but if someone 1.456 slaps you, turn to him the other cheek also." And it is divided also into that which was transferred and changed from the bodily to the spiritual, this symbolic part legislated as a type of excellent things. For the types and the symbols, being representative of other realities, were done well until the truth was present; but with the truth being present, one must do the things of the truth, not the things of the type. And these things also his disciples

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προαδικησάντων κείμενος, ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος ἐκκόπτεσθαι κελεύων καὶ φόνον ἀντὶ φόνου ἀμύνασθαι· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἧττον καὶ ὁ δεύτερος ἀδικῶν ἀδικεῖ, τῇ τάξει μόνον διαλλάσσων τὸ αὐτὸ ἐργαζόμενος ἔργον. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ πρόσταγμα δίκαιον μὲν ἄλλως καὶ ἦν καὶ ἔστι, διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῶν νομοθετηθέντων ἐν παρεκβάσει τοῦ καθαροῦ νόμου τεθέν, ἀνοίκειον δὲ τῇ τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν ὅλων φύσει τε καὶ ἀγαθότητι. ἴσως δὲ τοῦτο κατάλληλον, ἐπάναγκες δὲ μᾶλλον· ὁ γὰρ καὶ τὸν ἕνα φόνον οὐ βουλόμενος ἔσεσθαι ἐν τῷ λέγειν «οὐ φονεύσεις», προστάξας τὸν φονέα ἀντιφονεύεσθαι, δεύτερον νόμον νομοθετῶν καὶ δυσὶ φόνοις βραβεύων ὁ τὸν ἕνα ἀπαγορεύσας ἔλαθεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπ' ἀνάγκης κλαπείς. διὸ δὴ ὁ ἀπ' ἐκείνου παραγενόμενος υἱὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τοῦ νόμου ἀνῄρηκεν, ὁμολογήσας καὶ αὐτὸ εἶναι τοῦ θεοῦ, ὥσπερ ἔν τε τοῖς ἄλλοις † καταριθμεῖται τῇ παλαιᾷ αἱρέσει καὶ ἐν οἷς ἔφη «ὁ θεὸς εἰπών· ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα θανάτῳ τελευτάτω». 1.455 τὸ δέ ἐστι μέρος αὐτοῦ τυπικόν, τὸ κατ' εἰκόνα τῶν πνευματικῶν καὶ διαφερόντων κείμενον, τὰ ἐν προσφοραῖς λέγω καὶ περιτομῇ καὶ σαββάτῳ καὶ νηστείᾳ καὶ πάσχα καὶ ἀζύμοις καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις νομοθετηθέντα. πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα, εἰκόνες καὶ σύμβολα ὄντα, τῆς ἀληθείας φανερωθείσης μετετέθη· κατὰ μὲν τὸ φαινόμενον καὶ τὸ σωματικῶς ἐκτελεῖσθαι ἀνῃρέθη, κατὰ δὲ τὸ πνευματικὸν ἀνελήφθη, τῶν μὲν ὀνομάτων τῶν αὐτῶν μενόντων, ἐνηλλαγμένων δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων. καὶ γὰρ προσφορὰς προσφέρειν προσέταξεν ἡμῖν ὁ σωτήρ, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τὰς δι' ἀλόγων ζῴων ἢ τούτων τῶν θυμιαμάτων, ἀλλὰ διὰ πνευματικῶν αἴνων καὶ δοξῶν καὶ εὐχαριστίας καὶ διὰ τῆς εἰς τοὺς πλησίον κοινωνίας καὶ εὐποιίας. καὶ περιτομὴν περιτετμῆσθαι ἡμᾶς βούλεται, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τῆς ἀκροβυστίας τῆς σωματικῆς, ἀλλὰ καρδίας τῆς πνευματικῆς. καὶ τὸ σάββατον δὲ φυλάσσειν· ἀργεῖν γὰρ θέλει ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων τῶν πονηρῶν. καὶ νηστεύειν δέ· ἀλλὰ οὐχὶ τὴν σωματικὴν βούλεται νηστείαν ἡμᾶς νηστεύειν, ἀλλὰ τὴν πνευματικήν, ἐν ᾗ ἐστιν ἀποχὴ πάντων τῶν φαύλων. φυλάσσεται μέντοι γε καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἡ κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον νηστεία, ἐπεὶ καὶ ψυχῇ τι συμβάλλεσθαι δύναται αὕτη μετὰ λόγου γινομένη, ὁπότε μηδὲ διὰ τὴν πρός τινας μίμησιν γίνεται μήτε διὰ τὸ ἔθος μήτε διὰ τὴν ἡμέραν, ὡς ὡρισμένης εἰς τοῦτο ἡμέρας. ἅμα δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀνάμνησιν τῆς ἀληθινῆς νηστείας, ἵνα οἱ μηδέπω ἐκείνην δυνάμενοι νηστεύειν ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον νηστείας ἔχωσι τὴν ἀνάμνησιν αὐτῆς. καὶ τὸ πάσχα δὲ ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ ἄζυμα, ὅτι εἰκόνες ἦσαν, δηλοῖ καὶ Παῦλος ὁ ἀπόστολος «τὸ δὲ πάσχα ἡμῶν, λέγων, ἐτύθη Χριστός», καί «ἵνα ἦτε, φησίν, ἄζυμοι, μὴ μετέχοντες ζύμης ζύμην δὲ νῦν τὴν κακίαν λέγει, ἀλλ' ἦτε νέον φύραμα». 6. Οὕτως γοῦν καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ εἶναι νόμος ὁμολογούμενος εἰς τρία διαιρεῖται, εἴς τε τὸ πληρούμενον ἀπὸ τοῦ σωτῆρος τὸ γάρ «οὐ φονεύσεις, οὐ μοιχεύσεις, οὐκ ἐπιορκήσεις» ἐν τῷ μηδ' ὀργισθῆναι μηδὲ ἐπιθυμῆσαι μηδὲ ὀμόσαι περιείληπται· διαιρεῖται δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸ ἀναιρούμενον τελείως. τὸ γάρ «ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος» συμπεπλεγμένον τῇ ἀδικίᾳ καὶ αὐτὸ ἔργον τῆς ἀδικίας ἔχον, ἀνῃρέθη ὑπὸ τοῦ σωτῆρος διὰ τῶν ἐναντίων. τὰ δὲ ἐναντία ἀλλήλων ἐστὶν ἀναιρετικά· «ἐγὼ γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ἀντιστῆναι ὅλως τῷ πονηρῷ, ἀλλὰ ἐάν τίς σε 1.456 ῥαπίσῃ, στρέψον αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην σιαγόνα». διαιρεῖται δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸ μετατεθὲν καὶ ἐναλλαγὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ σωματικοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ πνευματικόν, τὸ συμβολικὸν τοῦτο τὸ κατ' εἰκόνα τῶν διαφερόντων νενομοθετημένον. αἱ γὰρ εἰκόνες καὶ τὰ σύμβολα παραστατικὰ ὄντα ἑτέρων πραγμάτων καλῶς ἐγίνοντο μέχρι μὴ παρῆν ἡ ἀλήθεια· παρούσης δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας τὰ τῆς ἀληθείας δεῖ ποιεῖν, οὐ τὰ τῆς εἰκόνος. ταῦτα δὲ καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ