Chapter 31.—The Testimonies of Ambrose on the Imperfection of Present Righteousness.

But now, since the Pelagians say that there either are or have been righteous men in this life who have lived without any sin, to such an extent that the future life which is to be hoped for as a reward cannot be more advanced or more perfect, let Ambrose here also answer them and refute them. For, expounding Isaiah the Prophet in reference to what is written, “I have begotten and brought up children, and they have despised me,”375    Isa. i. 2. he undertook to dispute concerning the generations which are of God, and in that argument he quoted the testimony of John when he says, “He that is born of God sinneth not.”376    1 John iii. 9. And, treating the same very difficult question, he says: “Since in this world there is none who is free from sin; since John himself says, ‘If we say that we have not sinned, we make Him a liar.’377    1 John i. 10. But if ‘they that are born of God sin not,’ and if these words refer to those of them who are in the world, it is necessary that we should regard them as those numberless people who have obtained God’s grace by the regeneration of the laver. But yet, when the prophet says, ‘All things are waiting upon Thee, that Thou mayest give them meat in season. That Thou givest them they gather for themselves; when Thou openest Thine hand, all things shall be filled with goodness. But when Thou turnest away Thy face, they shall be troubled: Thou shall take away their breath, and they shall fail, and shall be turned into their dust. Thou shall send forth Thy Spirit, and they shall be created: and Thou shalt renew the face of the earth,’378    Ps. civ. 27, etc. such things as these cannot seem to have been said of any time whatever but of that future time, in which there shall be a new earth and a new heaven. Therefore they shall be disturbed that they may take their beginning. ‘And when Thou openest Thy hand all things shall be filled with goodness,’ which is not easily characteristic of this age. For concerning this age what does Scripture say? ‘There is none that doeth good, no, not one.’379    Ps. xiv. 1. If, therefore, there are different generations,—and here the very entrance into this life is the receiver of sins to such an extent that even he who begot should be despised; while another generation does not receive sins;—let us consider whether by any means there may not be a regeneration for us after the course of this life,—of which regeneration it is said, ‘In the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of His glory.’380    Matt. xix. 28. For as that is called the regeneration of washing whereby we are renewed from the filth of sins washed away, so that seems to be called a regeneration by which we are purified from every stain of bodily materiality, and are regenerated in the pure sense of the soul to life eternal; so that every quality of regeneration may be purer than of that washing, so that no suspicion of sins can fall either on a man’s doings, or even on his very thoughts themselves.” Moreover, in another place in the same work he says: “We see it to be impossible that any person created in a body can be absolutely spotless, since even Paul says that he is imperfect. For thus he has it: ‘Not that I have already received, or am already perfect;’381    Phil. iii. 12. and yet after a little he says, ‘As many of us, therefore, as are perfect.’382    Phil. iii. 15. Unless, perchance, there is one perfection in this world, another after this is completed, of which he says to the Corinthians, ‘When that which is perfect is come;’383    1 Cor. xiii. 10. and elsewhere, ‘Till we all come into the unity of the faith, and the knowledge of the Son of God, into the perfect man to the measure of the age of the fulness of Christ.’384    Eph. iv. 13. As, then, the apostle says that many are placed in this world who are perfect along with him, but who, if you have regard to true perfection, could not be perfect, since he says, ‘We see now through a mirror, enigmatically; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then I shall know even as also I am known:’385    1 Cor. xiii. 12. so also there both are those who are ‘spotless’ in this world, and will be those who are ‘spotless’ in the kingdom of God, although certainly, if you consider it accurately, no person can be spotless, because no person is without sin.” Also in the same he says: “We see that, while we live in this life, we ought to purify ourselves and to seek God; and to begin from the purification of our soul, and as it were to establish the foundations of virtue, so that we may deserve to attain the perfection of our purgation after this life.” And again, in the same he says: “But laden and groaning, who does not say, ‘O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?’386    Rom. vii. 24. So with the same teacher we give all varieties of interpretation. For if he is unhappy who recognises himself as involved in the evils of the body, certainly everybody is unhappy; for I should not call that man happy who, being confused with any darkness of his mind, does not know his own condition. That, moreover, has not absurdly come to be understood; for if a man who knows himself is unhappy, assuredly all are wretched, because every one either recognises his weakness by wisdom, or by folly is ignorant of it.” Moreover, in the treatise “On the Benefit of Death,” he says:387    Work cited, chs. 9, 49 “Let death work in us, in order that that may work life also, a good life after death,—that is, a good life after victory, a good life after the contest is finished; so that now no longer the law of the flesh may know how to resist the law of the mind, that no longer we may have any contention with the body of death.” Again, in the same treatise he says: “Therefore, because the righteous have this reward, that they see the face of God, and that light which lightens every man, let us henceforth put on the desire of this kind of reward, that our soul may draw near to God, our prayer may draw near to Him, our desire may cleave to Him, that we be not separated from Him. And placed here as we are, let us by meditating, by reading, by seeking, be united with God. Let us know Him as we can. For we know Him in part here; because here all things are imperfect, there all are perfect; here we are infants, there we shall be strong men. ‘We see,’ says he, ‘now through a mirror in an enigma, but then face to face.’ Then, His face being revealed, we shall be allowed to look upon the glory of God, which now our souls, involved in the compacted dregs of this body, and shadowed by some stains and filth of this flesh, cannot clearly see. ‘For who,’ He says, ‘shall see my face and live?’ and rightly. For if our eyes cannot bear the rays of the sun,—and if any one should gaze too long on the region of the sun he is said to be blinded,—if a creature cannot look upon a creature without deceit and offence, how can he without his own peril look upon the glittering face of the eternal Creator, covered as he is with the clothing of this body? For who is justified in God’s sight, when even the infant of one day cannot be pure from sin, and no one can boast of his integrity and pureness of heart?”

31. Jam vero quoniam Pelagiani dicunt, justos in hac vita vel esse vel fuisse, qui sine ullo peccato vixerint , in tantum ut vita futura, quae in praemio speranda est, provectior et perfectior esse non possit: etiam hic eis respondeat eosque refutet Ambrosius. Nam exponens Isaiam prophetam, propter id quod scriptum est, Filios genui et exaltavi, ipsi autem me spreverunt (Isai. I, 2), suscepit de generationibus quae ex Deo sunt disputare; atque in ipsa disputatione commemoravit testimonium Joannis, ubi ait, Qui natus est ex Deo, non peccat (I Joan. III, 9). Et eamdem quaestionem difficillimam tractans: «Cum hoc in mundo,» inquit, «nullus sit qui immunis sit a peccato, cum ipse Joannes dicat, Si dicimus quia non peccavimus, mendacem facimus illum (Id. I, 10). Si autem ex Deo nati non peccant, et de his intelligimus qui in hoc mundo sunt innumeros, necesse est aestimemus, qui per lavacri regenerationem Dei gratiam consecuti sunt. Sed tamen cum dicat propheta, Omnia a te exspectant, ut des illis cibum in tempore: dante te iis, colligent sibi; aperiente te manum tuam, universa implebuntur bonitate; avertente autem te faciem tuam, turbabuntur: auferes spiritum eorum, et deficient, et in pulverem suum convertentur: emittes spiritum tuum, et creabuntur, et innovabis faciem terrae (Psal. CIII, 27-30): possunt non de quocumque tempore videri dicta, sed de futuro, quo erit nova terra et novum coelum. Turbabuntur ergo, ut principium sumant, atque aperiente te manum tuam, implebuntur universa bonitate ; quae non facile hujus saeculi est. Nam de hoc saeculo Scriptura 0635 quid dicit? Non est qui faciat bonitatem, non est usque ad unum (Psal. XIII, 1). Si igitur diversae generationes sunt, et hic introitus in hanc vitam receptor est delictorum, in tantum ut spernatur etiam ipse qui genuit, alia autem generatio peccata non recipit; videamus ne qua sit post hujus vitae curriculum nostra regeneratio, de qua dictum est, In regeneratione, cum sederit Filius hominis in throno gloriae suae (Matth. XIX, 28). Sicut enim regeneratio lavacri dicitur, per quam detersa peccatorum colluvione renovamur: ita regeneratio dici videtur, per quam ab omni corporeae concretionis purificati labe, mundo animae sensu in vitam regeneramur aeternam; eo quod purior quaedam qualitas sit regenerationis, quam lavacri istius, ut non solum in actus ejus, sed ne in ipsas quidem cogitationes nostras aliqua cadat suspicio peccatorum.» Item alio loco in eodem opere: «Videmus,» inquit, «impossibile esse ut perfecte quis immaculatus esse possit in corpore constitutus; cum etiam Paulus imperfectum se dicat. Sic enim habet: Non quod jam acceperim, aut jam perfectus sim. Et tamen post paululum ait: Quicumque ergo perfecti sumus (Philipp. III, 12, 15). Nisi forte quia est perfectio alia in hoc mundo, alia post illud perfectum de quo dicit ad Corinthios, Cum venerit quod perfectum est (I Cor. XIII, 10); et alibi, Donec occurramus omnes in unitatem fidei, et agnitionem Filii Dei, in virum perfectum, in mensuram aetatis plenitudinis Christi (Ephes. IV, 13). Ut ergo perfectos secum multos ait Apostolus in hoc mundo sitos, qui si ad perfectionem veram respicias, perfecti esse non poterant, quia ipse dixit, Videmus nunc per speculum in aenigmate, tunc autem facie ad faciem; nunc cognosco ex parte, tunc autem cognoscam sicut et cognitus sum (I Cor. XIII, 12): ita et immaculati sunt in hoc mundo, et immaculati erunt in regno Dei; cum utique si minutius discutias, immaculatus esse nemo possit, quia nemo sine peccato.» Item in ipso: «Videmus,» inquit, «quia dum in hac vivimus vita, nos mundare debemus, et quaerere Deum, et incipere ab emundatione animae nostrae, et quasi fundamenta constituere virtutis, ut perfectionem purgationis post hanc vitam mereamur adipisci.» Itemque in ipso: «Gravatus autem,» inquit, «et ingemiscens quis non loquatur, Infelix ego homo, quis me liberabit de corpore mortis hujus (Rom. VII, 24)? Ita eodem magistro omnes varietates interpretationis absolvimus. Nam si omnis infelix qui se corporis implicatum molestiis recognoscit, utique omne corpus infelix: neque enim felicem illum dixerim, qui confusus quibusdam mentis suae tenebris conditionem suam nescit. Illud quoque non absurdum ad intellectum accessit. Si enim homo qui se cognoscit, infelix est, infelices profecto omnes; quia unusquisque suam infirmitatem aut per sapientiam recognoscit, aut per insipientiam nescit.» Item in libro de Bono mortis» (Capp. 3 et 11): Operetur 0636 igitur,» inquit, «mors in nobis, ut operetur et vita, bona vita post mortem, hoc est, bona vita post victoriam, bona vita absoluto certamine: ut jam lex carnis legi mentis repugnare non noverit (Rom. VII, 23), ut jam nobis nulla sit cum corpore mortis contentio.» Rursus in eodem: «Ergo,» inquit, quia justi hanc remunerationem habent, ut videant faciem Dei, et lumen illud quod illuminat omnem hominem (Joan. I, 9); ab hinc induamus hujusmodi studium, ut appropinquet anima nostra Deo, appropinquet oratio , adhaereat illi nostrum desiderium, non separemur ab eo. Et hic quidem positi, meditando, legendo, quaerendo copulemur Deo: cognoscamus eum, ut possumus. Ex parte enim hic cognoscimus: quia hic imperfecta, illic perfecta omnia; hic parvuli, illic robusti. Videmus, inquit, nunc per speculum in aenigmate, tunc autem facie ad faciem. Tunc revelata facie gloriam Domini speculari licebit, quam nunc animae corporis hujus concretis visceribus involutae, et quibusdam carnis hujus maculis et colluvionibus obumbratae sincere videre non possunt. Quis enim, inquit, videbit vultum meum, et vivet (Exod. XXXIII, 20)? Et recte: nam si solis radios oculi nostri ferre non possunt, et si quis diutius e regione solis intenderit, caecari solere perhibetur; si creatura creaturam sine fraude atque offensione sui non potest intueri; quomodo potest sine periculo sui vibrantem cernere vultum Creatoris aeterni, corporis hujus opertus exuviis? Quis enim justificatur in conspectu Dei (Psal. CXLII, 2); cum unius quoque dici infans mundus a peccato esse non possit (Job XIV, 5, sec. LXX), et nemo possit de sui cordis integritate et castimonia gloriari» (Prov. XX, 9)?