BOOK VII, CHAPTER 2

             682. (Lecture 3, 682-692). The first mover, not as the cause for the sake of which but as the principle of motion, is together with that which is moved. I say 'together' because there is no intermediate between them. And this is found universally in everything which moves and which is moved.

             683. Since there are three motions, i.e., in respect to place, in respect to quality, and in respect to quantity, there must be three things which are moved. Motion in respect to place is local motion; motion in respect to quality is alteration; motion in respect to quantity is increase or decrease. We should speak first of local motion. For this is the first of motions.

             684. Whatever is moved is moved either by itself or by another. If by itself, then since the mover is in it, it is clear that the mover and that which is moved will be together and there will be no intermediary between them.

             685. That which is moved by another is moved in one of four ways. The motions which are from another are four: pushing, pulling, carrying, and twirling. For all the others are reduced to these.

             686. Pushing is either pushing on or pushing off. Pushing on occurs when the mover does not leave that which is moved. Pushing off occurs when the pusher leaves.

             687. Carrying will be in the three other motions. For that which is carried is not moved in itself but accidentally. For in this that which is moved is either in that which is moved or is on that which is moved. The carrier is moved either by a pushing or a pulling or else it is led on by a twirling. Therefore it is clear that carrying will be in these three motions.

             688. Pulling occurs when there is a faster motion of the puller either to itself or to another, not separated from that which is pulled. For pulling occurs both to itself and to another. Other pullings which are the same in species are reduced to these, for example, inhaling and exhaling, and spitting, and whatever bodies are emitted or received, and striking, and combing. Gathering of things is one thing and separating is another. Therefore all motion in respect to place is a gathering or a separating.

             689. Twirling is composed of pushing and pulling. For the mover pushes this and pulls that.

             690. Therefore it is clear that if the pusher and the puller are together with that which is pushed and pulled, there is no intermediate between that which is moved and the mover.

             691. This is clear from what was said. Pushing is motion either from itself or from another to another. But pulling is from another to itself or to another. Thus far there is coming together and going apart.

             692. There is throwing when there occurs a faster motion than that which is borne according to nature, a stronger pushing having been made. This being done, it is borne as long as the motion of that which is borne is stronger. Therefore it is clear that the mover and that which is moved are together and there is no intermediary between them.

             693 (Lecture 4, 693-696). Neither is there an intermediary between the altered and the alterer. This is clear from induction. For in all cases the ultimate alterer and the first thing which is altered are together.

             694. Quality is altered by that which is sensible. There are sensible things by which bodies differ from each other: as heaviness and lightness, hardness and softness, sound and no sound, whiteness and blackness, sweetness and bitterness, wetness and dryness, density and rarity, and their intermediaries. Likewise there are other things which are under the senses. These include hot and cold, smoothness and roughness. For these are passions of the subject of quality. In these the sensibilities of bodies differ insofar as one of these is more and less and in undergoing one of these: becoming hot or becoming cold, or becoming sweet or becoming bitter, or in respect to some other of the things mentioned. The same applies to both animate and inanimate bodies. And certain parts of animate bodies are inanimate. And the senses themselves are altered because they suffer. Their action is motion through the body, the sense suffering something. Animate bodies are altered in respect to all the things by which inanimate bodies are altered. But inanimate bodies are not altered in respect to the things by which animate bodies are altered. For they are not altered in respect to sense, and when inanimate bodies are altered it is concealed from them. Moreover nothing prevents animate bodies also from being unaware when they are altered. For alteration not in respect to sense occurs to them. Therefore if there are sensible passions, every alteration occurs through them. From this, therefore, it is clear that the passion and the patient are together and there is no intermediary between them.

             695. Moreover air is continuous with this, and the body is contained by the air. And the surface is terminated at light, and light at sight. Hearing and smelling are similarly related to that which first moves them. In the same way taste and flavour are together. And it is the same in both inanimate and insensible things.

             696. And that which is increased and the increaser are together. For increase is a certain addition. For this reason that which is increased and the increaser are together. And decrease: the cause of decrease is a certain subtraction. It is clear, therefore, that there is no intermediary between the ultimate mover and the first thing moved.