Chapter CXLI.—Free-will in men and angels.

“But that you may not have a pretext for saying that Christ must have been crucified, and that those who transgressed must have been among your nation, and that the matter could not have been otherwise, I said briefly by anticipation, that God, wishing men and angels to follow His will, resolved to create them free to do righteousness; possessing reason, that they may know by whom they are created, and through whom they, not existing formerly, do now exist; and with a law that they should be judged by Him, if they do anything contrary to right reason: and of ourselves we, men and angels, shall be convicted of having acted sinfully, unless we repent beforehand. But if the word of God foretells that some angels and men shall be certainly punished, it did so because it foreknew that they would be unchangeably [wicked], but not because God had created them so. So that if they repent, all who wish for it can obtain mercy from God: and the Scripture foretells that they shall be blessed, saying, ‘Blessed is the man to whom the Lord imputeth not sin;’544    Ps. xxxii. 2. that is, having repented of his sins, that he may receive remission of them from God; and not as you deceive yourselves, and some others who resemble you in this, who say, that even though they be sinners, but know God, the Lord will not impute sin to them. We have as proof of this the one fall of David, which happened through his boasting, which was forgiven then when he so mourned and wept, as it is written. But if even to such a man no remission was granted before repentance, and only when this great king, and anointed one, and prophet, mourned and conducted himself so, how can the impure and utterly abandoned, if they weep not, and mourn not, and repent not, entertain the hope that the Lord will not impute to them sin? And this one fall of David, in the matter of Uriah’s wife, proves, sirs,” I said, “that the patriarchs had many wives, not to commit fornication, but that a certain dispensation and all mysteries might be accomplished by them; since, if it were allowable to take any wife, or as many wives as one chooses, and how he chooses, which the men of your nation do over all the earth, wherever they sojourn, or wherever they have been sent, taking women under the name of marriage, much more would David have been permitted to do this.”

When I had said this, dearest Marcus Pompeius, I came to an end.

[141] Ἵνα δὲ μὴ πρόφασιν ἔχητε λέγειν ὅτι ἔδει τὸν Χριστὸν σταυρωθῆναι, ἢ καὶ ἐν τῷ γένει ὑμῶν εἶναι τοὺς παραβαίνοντας, καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἄλλως ἐδύνατο γενέσθαι, φθάσας διὰ βραχέων εἶπον, ὅτι βουλόμενος τοὺς ἀγγέλους καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἕπεσθαι τῇ βουλῇ αὐτοῦ ὁ θεὸς ἐβουλήθη ποιῆσαι τούτους αὐτεξουσίους πρὸς δικαιοπραξίαν, μετὰ λόγου τοῦ ἐπίστασθαι αὐτοὺς ὑφ' οὗ γεγόνασι, καὶ δι' ὅν εἰσι πρότερον οὐκ ὄντες, καὶ μετὰ νόμου τοῦ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ κρίνεσθαι, ἐὰν παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον πράττωσι: καὶ δι' ἑαυτοὺς ἡμεῖς, οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι, ἐλεγχθησόμεθα πονηρευσάμενοι, ἐὰν μὴ φθάσαντες μεταθώμεθα. εἰ δὲ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ προμηνύει πάντως τινὰς καὶ ἀγγέλους καὶ ἀνθρώπους κολασθήσεσθαι μέλλοντας, διότι προεγίνωσκεν αὐτοὺς ἀμεταβλήτως γενησομένους πονηρούς, προεῖπε ταῦτα, ἀλλ' οὐχ, ὅτι αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς τοιούτους ἐποίησεν. ὥστε, ἐὰν μετανοήσωσι, πάντες βουλόμενοι τυχεῖν τοῦ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐλέους δύνανται, καὶ μακαρίους αὐτοὺς ὁ λόγος προλέγει εἰπών: Μακάριος, ᾧ οὐ μὴ λογίσηται κύριος ἁμαρτίαν: τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν, ὃς μετανοήσας ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβῃ ἄφεσιν, ἀλλ' οὐχ, ὡς ὑμεῖς ἀπατᾶτε ἑαυτοὺς καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς ὑμῖν ὅμοιοι κατὰ τοῦτο, οἳ λέγουσιν ὅτι, κἂν ἁμαρτωλοὶ ὦσι, θεὸν δὲ γινώσκουσιν, οὐ μὴ λογίσηται αὐτοῖς κύριος ἁμαρτίαν. μαρτύριον δὲ τούτου τὴν μίαν τοῦ Δαυεὶδ διὰ τὴν καύχησιν αὐτοῦ γενομένην παράπτωσιν ἔχομεν, ἥτις τότε ἀφείθη, ὅτε οὕτως ἔκλαυσε καὶ ἐθρήνησεν ὡς γέγραπται. εἰ δὲ τῷ τοιούτῳ ἄφεσις πρὶν μετανοῆσαι οὐκ ἐδόθη, ἀλλ' ὅτε τοιαῦτα ἔκλαυσε καὶ ἔπραξεν ὁ μέγας οὗτος βασιλεὺς καὶ χριστὸς καὶ προφήτης, πῶς οἱ ἀκάθαρτοι καὶ πάντα ἀπονενοημένοι, ἐὰν μὴ θρηνήσωσι καὶ κόψωνται καὶ μετανοήσωσιν, ἐλπίδα ἔχειν δύνανται ὅτι οὐ μὴ λογίσηται αὐτοῖς κύριος ἁμαρτίαν; καὶ ἡ μία δὲ αὕτη τῆς παραπτώσεως τοῦ Δαυεὶδ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Οὐρίου γυναῖκα πρᾶξις, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἔφην, δείκνυσιν ὅτι οὐχ ὡς πορνεύοντες πολλὰς ἔσχον γυναῖκας οἱ πατριάρχαι, ἀλλ' οἰκονομία τις καὶ μυστήρια πάντα δι' αὐτῶν ἀπετελεῖτο: ἐπεὶ εἰ συνεχωρεῖτο, ἣν βούλεταί τις καὶ ὡς βούλεται καὶ ὅσας βούλεται, λαμβάνειν γυναῖκας, ὁποῖον πράττουσιν οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους ὑμῶν ἄνθρωποι, κατὰ πᾶσαν γῆν, ἔνθα ἂν ἐπιδημήσωσιν ἢ προσπεμφθῶσιν, ἀγόμενοι ὀνόματι γάμου γυναῖκας, πολὺ μᾶλλον ἂν τῷ Δαυεὶδ τοῦτο συνεχωρεῖτο πράξειν. Ταῦτα εἰπών, ὦ φίλτατε Μᾶρκε Πομπήϊε, ἐπαυσάμην.