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must be commanded, that of these things the human should look to the 12.16.6 divine, and the divine all together to the ruling mind; concerning marriages, sharing them with one another, and after this in the birth and rearing of children, both all the males and all the females, both when they are young and as they advance to be older, until old age, that one must rightly care for them, honoring and dishonoring, in all their interactions, having inspected and watched their pains and their pleasures and their desires and the passions of all their loves, to blame rightly and to praise through the laws themselves.” 12.16.7 And after a little he says: “And the one who established the laws, having perceived this, will set guardians over all these things, some proceeding by way of prudence, others by way of true opinion, so that the mind, having bound all these things together, may declare them to be followers of temperance and justice, and not of wealth 12.16.8 nor of ambition. Thus, O strangers, I for my part would have wished, and even now I wish, that you discuss, how in the laws said to be of Zeus and of Pythian Apollo, which Minos and Lycurgus established, all these things are present and how they have received their order is very clear to one experienced in laws by art and by certain customs, but to the rest of us they are by no means manifest.” 12.16.9 And among us too it has been said: “Seek first the kingdom and righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.” But Moses also, long before, having made his beginning from the teaching about God, and next having adapted the polity according to him and the laws concerning contracts and common life, appoints for all rulers and guardians those consecrated to God, as the oracles also teach, righteous men, hating arrogance, some proceeding by way of prudence, others by way of true opinion.

12.17.1 17. THAT IT IS GOOD TO TRAIN CHILDREN IN THE CUSTOMS OF

GODLINESS FROM A YOUNG AGE “I say, therefore, and affirm that whoever is to become a good man must practice this very thing straight from childhood, both in play and in earnest, in what is appropriate to each matter; for example, one who is to be a good farmer or a builder, the one should play at building some of the childish structures, and the other, in turn, at farming; and the one who rears each of them should provide for each small tools, imitations of the real ones; and indeed also they must learn in advance whatever lessons it is necessary to have learned beforehand, such as a carpenter to measure or weigh, and a soldier to ride a horse at play or to do something else of that sort; and he must try through their games to turn the pleasures and 12.17.2 desires of the children thither, to where they must arrive to have their end. We say, then, that the main point of education is the right rearing, which will best lead the soul of the one at play to a love of that in which, when he has become a man, he will need to be perfect in the virtue of that thing.” 12.17.3 And Moses, anticipating this, legislated, saying: “And these words, which I command you today, shall be in your heart and in your soul, and you shall impress them upon your sons.” which indeed it is customary for the children of the Hebrews to do, as from a tender age they bring up all the young in the teachings of godliness; and this even to this day is zealously practiced among the nation of the Jews, according to a certain ancestral custom.

12.18.1 18. THAT ONE MUST CONSIDER AS EDUCATION ONLY THAT WHICH LEADS TO VIRTUE,

AND NOT THAT WHICH IS FOR MONEY-MAKING OR ANY PURSUIT FOR EARNING A LIVELIHOOD

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διακελευστέον, τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀνθρώπινα εἰς τὰ 12.16.6 θεῖα, τὰ δὲ θεῖα εἰς τὸν ἡγεμόνα νοῦν σύμπαντα βλέπειν· περί τε γάμους ἀλλήλοις ἐπικοινουμένους μετά τε ταῦτα ἐν ταῖς τῶν παίδων γεννήσεσι καὶ τροφαῖς, ὅσοι τε ἄρσενες καὶ ὅσαι θήλειαι, νέων τε ὄντων καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ πρεσβύτερον ἰόντων μέχρι γήρως τιμῶντα ὀρθῶς ἐπιμέλεσθαι δεῖν καὶ ἀτιμάζοντα, ἐν πάσαις ταῖς τούτων ὁμιλίαις τάς τε λύπας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ξυμπάντων τε ἐρώτων τὰς σπουδὰς ἐπεσκεμμένον καὶ παραπεφυλακότα ψέγειν τε ὀρθῶς καὶ ἐπαινεῖν δι' αὐτῶν τῶν νόμων.» 12.16.7 Καὶ μετὰ βραχέα φησί· «Κατιδὼν δὲ ὁ θεὶς τοὺς νόμους πᾶσι τούτοις φύλακας ἐπιστήσει, τοὺς μὲν διὰ φρονήσεως, τοὺς δὲ δι' ἀληθοῦς δόξης ἰόντας, ὅπως ταῦτα πάντα ξυνδήσας ὁ νοῦς ἑπόμενα σωφροσύνῃ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ ἀποφήνῃ, ἀλλὰ μὴ πλούτῳ 12.16.8 μηδὲ φιλοτιμίᾳ. οὕτως, ὦ ξένοι, ἔγωγε ἤθελον ἂν ὑμᾶς καὶ ἔτι νῦν βούλομαι διεξελθεῖν, πῶς ἐν τοῖς τοῦ ∆ιὸς λεγομένοις νόμοις τοῖς τε τοῦ Πυθίου Ἀπόλλωνος, οὓς Μίνως τε καὶ Λυκοῦργος ἐθέτην, ἔνεστί τε πάντα ταῦτα καὶ ὅπη τάξιν εἰληφότα διάδηλά ἐστι τῷ περὶ νόμων ἐμπείρῳ τέχνῃ τε καί τισιν ἔθεσι, τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις ἡμῖν οὐδαμῶς ἐστι καταφανῆ.» 12.16.9 Καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν δὲ εἴρηται· «Ζητεῖτε πρῶτον τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην, καὶ ταῦτα πάντα προστεθήσεται ὑμῖν.» ἀλλὰ καὶ Μωσῆς πολὺ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ θεοῦ διδασκαλίας τὴν ἀρχὴν πεποιημένος ἑξῆς τε ἐφαρμόσας τὴν κατ' αὐτὸν πολιτείαν καὶ τὰ περὶ συμβολαίων καὶ τοῦ κοινοῦ βίου νόμιμα, τοῖς πᾶσιν ἄρχοντας καὶ φύλακας καθίστησι τοὺς τῷ θεῷ ἱερωμένους, ὡς καὶ τὰ λόγια διδάσκει, ἄνδρας δικαίους, μισοῦντας ὑπερηφανίαν, τοὺς μὲν διὰ φρονήσεως, τοὺς δὲ δι' ἀληθοῦς δόξης ἰόντας.

12.17.1 ιζʹ. ΟΤΙ ΚΑΛΟΝ ΕΞΕΤΙ ΝΕΑΣ ΗΛΙΚΙΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΑΙ∆ΑΣ ΤΟΙΣ ΤΗΣ

ΘΕΟΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ ΕΘΕΣΙΝ ΕΓΓΥΜΝΑΖΕΙΝ «Λέγω οὖν καί φημι τὸν ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα μέλλοντα ἔσεσθαι τοῦτ' αὐτὸ ἐκ παίδων εὐθὺς μελετᾶν παίζοντά τε καὶ σπουδάζοντα ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πράγματος ἑκάστοις προσήκουσιν· οἷον τὸν μέλλοντα ἀγαθὸν ἔσεσθαι γεωργὸν ἤ τινα οἰκοδόμον τὸν μὲν οἰκοδομοῦντά τι τῶν παιδείων οἰκοδομημάτων παίζειν χρή, τὸν δ' αὖ γεωργοῦντα· καὶ ὄργανα ἑκατέρῳ σμικρὰ τῶν ἀληθινῶν μιμήματα παρασκευάζειν τὸν τρέφοντα αὐτῶν ἑκάτερον· καὶ δὴ καὶ τῶν μαθημάτων ὅσα ἀναγκαῖα προμεμαθηκέναι προμανθάνειν, οἷον τέκτονα μετρεῖν ἢ σταθμᾶσθαι καὶ πολεμικὸν ἱππεύειν παίζοντα ἤ τι τῶν τοιούτων ἄλλο ποιοῦντα· καὶ πειρᾶσθαι διὰ τῶν παιδιῶν ἐκεῖσε τρέπειν τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ 12.17.2 ἐπιθυμίας τῶν παίδων, οἷ ἀφικομένους αὐτοὺς δεῖ τέλος ἔχειν. κεφάλαιον δὴ παιδείας λέγομεν τὴν ὀρθὴν τροφήν, ἣ τοῦ παίζοντος τὴν ψυχὴν εἰς ἔρωτα ὅτι μάλιστα ἄξει τούτου, ὃ δεήσει γενόμενον ἄνδρα αὐτὸν τέλειον εἶναι τῆς τοῦ πράγματος ἀρετῆς.» 12.17.3 Καὶ τοῦτο προλαβὼν Μωσῆς ἐνομοθέτησεν εἰπών· «Καὶ ἔσται τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα, ὅσα ἐγὼ ἐντέλλομαί σοι σήμερον, ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ σου, καὶ προβιβάσεις αὐτὰ τοῖς υἱοῖς σου.» ὃ δὴ καὶ πράττειν σύνηθες παισὶν Ἑβραίων, ἐξ ἁπαλῆς ἡλικίας τοὺς νέους ἅπαντας τοῖς τῆς θεοσεβείας παιδεύμασιν ἀνατρέφουσι· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ εἰς δεῦρο κατά τι πάτριον ἔθος παρὰ τῷ Ἰουδαίων ἔθνει σπουδάζεται.

12.18.1 ιηʹ. ΟΤΙ ΠΑΙ∆ΕΙΑΝ ΗΓΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΧΡΗ ΜΟΝΗΝ ΤΗΝ ΕΙΣ ΑΡΕΤΗΝ

ΠΡΟΑΓΟΥΣΑΝ ΟΥΧΙ ∆Ε ΤΗΝ ΕΙΣ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΝ Η ΤΙΝΑ ΒΙΟΠΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΗΝ ΕΠΙΤΗ∆ΕΥΣΙΝ