preface.—of what great value the knowledge of the truth is and always has been.
Chap. i.— of religion and wisdom.
Chap. II.—That there is a providence in the affairs of men.
Chap. III.—Whether the universe is governed by the power of one god or of many.
Chap. IV.—That the one god was foretold even by the prophets.
Chap. V.—Of the testimonies of poets and philosophers.
Chap. VI.—Of divine testimonies, and of the sibyls and their predictions.
chap. VII.—Concerning the testimonies of apollo and the gods.
Chap. viii.—that god is without a body, nor does he need difference of sex for procreation.
Chap. IX.—Of hercules and his life and death.
Chap. xi.—of the origin, life, reign, name and death of jupiter, and of saturn and uranus.
Chap. xii.—that the stoics transfer the figments of the poets to a philosophical system.
Chap. xiv.—what the sacred history of euhemerus and ennius teaches concerning the gods.
Chap. xv.—how they who were men obtained the name of gods.
Chap. xviii.—on the consecration of gods, on account of the benefits which they conferred upon men.
Chap. xix.—that it is impossible for any one to worship the true god together with false deities.
Chap. xx.—of the gods peculiar to the Romans, and their sacred rites.
Chap. xxiii.—of the ages of vain superstitions, and the times at which they commenced.
Chap. iii.—that cicero and other men of learning erred in not turning away the people from error.
Chap. vI.—that neither the whole universe nor the elements are god, nor are they possessed of life.
Chap. viii.—of the use of reason in religion and of dreams, auguries, oracles, and similar portents.
Chap. ix.—of the devil, the world, god, providence, man, and his wisdom.
Chap. X.—Of the World, and Its Parts, the Elements and Seasons.
Chap. XI.—Of Living Creatures, of Man Prometheus, Deucalion, the ParcÆ.
Chap. XV.—Of the Corruption of Angels, and the Two Kinds of Demons.
Chap. XVI.—That Demons Have No Power Over Those Who are Established in the Faith.
Chap. XVII.—That Astrology, Soothsaying, and Similar Arts are the Invention of Demons.
Chap. XVIII.—Of the Patience and Vengeance of God, the Worship of Demons, and False Religions.
Chap. XIX.—Of the Worship of Images and Earthly Objects.
Chap. XX.—Of Philosophy and the Truth.
Chap. II.—Of Philosophy, and How Vain Was Its Occupation in Setting Forth the Truth.
Chap. III.—Of What Subjects Philosophy Consists, and Who Was the Chief Founder of the Academic Sect.
Chap. IV.—That Knowledge is Taken Away by Socrates, and Conjecture by Zeno.
Chap. V.—That the Knowledge of Many Things is Necessary.
Chap. VI.—Of Wisdom, and the Academics, and Natural Philosophy.
Chap. VII.—Of Moral Philosophy, and the Chief Good.
Chap. VIII.—Of the Chief Good, and the Pleasures of the Soul and Body, and of Virtue.
Chap. IX.—Of the Chief Good, and the Worship of the True God, and a Refutation of Anaxagoras.
Chap. X.—It is the Peculiar Property of Man to Know and Worship God.
Chap. XI.—Of Religion, Wisdom, and the Chief Good.
Chap. XIII.—Of the Immortality of the Soul, and of Wisdom, Philosophy, and Eloquence.
Chap. XIV.—That Lucretius and Others Have Erred, and Cicero Himself, in Fixing the Origin of Wisdom.
Chap. XXI.—Of the System of Plato, Which Would Lead to the Overthrow of States.
Chap. XXII.—Of the Precepts of Plato, and Censures of the Same.
Chap. XXIII.—Of the Errors of Certain Philosophers, and of the Sun and Moon.
Chap. XXIV.—Of the Antipodes, the Heaven, and the Stars.
Chap. XXV.—Of Learning Philosophy, and What Great Qualifications are Necessary for Its Pursuit.
Chap. XXVIII.—Of True Religion and of Nature. Whether Fortune is a Goddess, and of Philosophy.
Chap. XXIX.—Of Fortune Again, and Virtue.
Chap. II.—Where Wisdom is to Be Found Why Pythagoras and Plato Did Not Approach the Jews.
Chapter IV.—Of Wisdom Likewise, and Religion, and of the Right of Father and Lord.
Chap. VII.—Of the Name of Son, and Whence He is Called Jesus and Christ.
Chap. XI.—Of the Cause of the Incarnation of Christ.
Chap. XIII.—Of Jesus, God and Man And the Testimonies of the Prophets Concerning Him.
Chap. XIV.—Of the Priesthood of Jesus Foretold by the Prophets.
Chap. XV.—Of the Life and Miracles of Jesus, and Testimonies Concerning Them.
Chap. XVI.—Of the Passion of Jesus Christ That It Was Foretold.
Chap. XVII.—Of the Superstitions of the Jews, and Their Hatred Against Jesus.
Chap. XVIII.—Of the Lord’s Passion, and that It Was Foretold.
Chap. XIX.—Of the Death, Burial, and Resurrection of Jesus And the Predictions of These Events.
Chap. XXII.—Arguments of Unbelievers Against the Incarnation of Jesus.
Chap. XXIII.—Of Giving Precepts, and Acting.
Chap. XXIV.—The Overthrowing of the Arguments Above Urged by Way of Objection.
Chap. XXVI.—Of the Cross, and Other Tortures of Jesus, and of the Figure of the Lamb Under the Law.
Chap. XXVII.—Of the Wonders Effected by the Power of the Cross, and of Demons.
Chap. XXVIII.—Of Hope and True Religion, and of Superstition.
Chap. XXIX.—Of the Christian Religion, and of the Union of Jesus with the Father.
Chap. XXX.—Of Avoiding Heresies and Superstitions, and What is the Only True Catholic Church.
Chap. II.—To What an Extent the Christian Truth Has Been Assailed by Rash Men.
Chap. IV.—Why This Work Was Published, and Again of Tertullian and Cyprian.
Chap. V.—There Was True Justice Under Saturnus, But It Was Banished by Jupiter.
Chap. VII.—Of the Coming of Jesus, and Its Fruit And of the Virtues and Vices of that Age.
Chap. IX.—Of the Crimes of the Wicked, and the Torture Inflicted on the Christians.
Chap. X.—Of False Piety, and of False and True Religion.
Chap XI.—Of the Cruelty of the Heathens Against the Christians.
Chap. XII.—Of True Virtue And of the Estimation of a Good or Bad Citizen.
Chapter XIII.—Of the Increase and the Punishment of the Christians.
Chap. XIV.—Of the Fortitude of the Christians.
Chap. XV.—Of Folly, Wisdom, Piety, Equity, and Justice.
Chap. XVI.—Of the Duties of the Just Man, and the Equity of Christians.
Chap. XVII.—Of the Equity, Wisdom, and Foolishness of Christians.
Chap. XVIII.—Of Justice, Wisdom, and Folly.
Chap. XIX.—Of Virtue and the Tortures of Christians, and of the Right of a Father and Master.
Chap. XX.—Of the Vanity and Crimes, Impious Superstitions, and of the Tortures of the Christians.
Chap. XXII.—Of the Rage of the Demons Against Christians, and the Error of Unbelievers.
Chap. XXIII.—Of the Justice and Patience of the Christians.
Chap. XXIV.—Of the Divine Vengeance Inflicted on the Torturers of the Christians.
Chap. I.—Of the Worship of the True God, and of Innocency, and of the Worship of False Gods.
Chap. II.—Of the Worship of False Gods and the True God.
Chap. IV.—Of the Ways of Life, of Pleasures, Also of the Hardships of Christians.
Chap. V.—Of False and True Virtue And of Knowledge.
Chap. VI.—Of the Chief Good and Virtue, and or Knowledge and Righteousness.
Chap. VIII.—Of the Errors of Philosophers, and the Variableness of Law.
Chap. IX.—Of the Law and Precept of God Of Mercy, and the Error of the Philosophers.
Chap. X.—Of Religion Towards God, and Mercy Towards Men And of the Beginning of the World.
Chap. XI.—Of the Persons Upon Whom a Benefit is to Be Conferred.
Chap. XII.—Of the Kinds of Beneficence, and Works of Mercy.
Chap. XIII.—Of Repentance, of Mercy, and the Forgiveness of Sins.
Chap. XV.—Of the Affections, and the Opinion of the Peripatetics Respecting Them.
Chap. XVII.—Of the Affections and Their Use Of Patience, and the Chief Good of Christians.
Chap. XVIII.—Of Some Commands of God, and of Patience.
Chap. XIX.—Of the Affections and Their Use And of the Three Furies.
Chap. XXI.—Of the Pleasures of the Ears, and of Sacred Literature.
Chap. XXII.—Of the Pleasures of Taste and Smell.
Chap. XXIII. —De Tactus Voluptate Et Libidine, Atque de Matrimonio Et Continentiâ.
Chap. XXIV.—Of Repentance, of Pardon, and the Commands of God.
Chap. XXV.—Of Sacrifice, and of an Offering Worthy of God, and of the Form of Praising God.
Chap. II.—Of the Error of the Philosophers, and of the Divine Wisdom, and of the Golden Age.
Chap. III.—Of Nature, and of the World And a Censure of the Stoics and Epicureans.
Chap. V.—Of the Creation of Man, and of the Arrangement of the World, and of the Chief Good.
Chap. VI.—Why the World and Man Were Created. How Unprofitable is the Worship of False Gods.
Chap. VII.—Of the Variety of Philosophers, and Their Truth.
Chap. VIII.—Of the Immortality of the Soul.
Chap. IX.—Of the Immortality of the Soul, and of Virtue.
Chap. X.—Of Vices and Virtues, and of Life and Death.
Chap. XI.—Of the Last Times, and of the Soul and Body.
Chap. XII.—Of the Soul and the Body, and of Their Union and Separation and Return.
Chap. XIII.—Of the Soul, and the Testimonies Concerning Its Eternity.
Chap. XIV.—Of the First and Last Times of the World.
Chap. XV.—Of the Devastation of the World and Change of the Empires.
CHAP. XVI.—OF THE DEVASTATION of the World, and Its Prophetic Omens.
Chap. XVII.—Of the False Prophet, and the Hardships of the Righteous, and His Destruction.
Chap. XIX.—Of the Advent of Christ to Judgment, and of the Overcoming of the False Prophet.
Chap. XX.—Of the Judgment of Christ, of Christians, and of the Soul.
Chap. XXI.—Of the Torments and Punishments of Souls.
Chap. XXII.—Of the Error of the Poets, and the Return of the Soul from the Lower Regions.
Chap. XXIII.—Of the Resurrection of the Soul, and the Proofs of This Fact.
Chap. XXIV.—Of the Renewed World.
Chap. XXV.—Of the Last Times, and of the City of Rome.
Chap. XXVI.—Of the Loosing of the Devil, and of the Second and Greatest Judgment.
Chap. XXVII.—An Encouragement and Confirmation of the Pious.
The Epitome of the Divine Institutes.
The Preface.—The Plan and Purport of the Whole Epitome, And of the Institutions.
Chap. I.—Of the Divine Providence.
Chap. II.—That There is But One God, and that There Cannot Be More.
Chap. III.—The Testimonies of the Poets Concerning the One God.
Chap. IV.—The Testimonies of the Philosophers to the Unity of God.
Chap. V.—That the Prophetic Women—That Is, the Sibyls—Declare that There is But One God.
Chap. VI.—Since God is Eternal and Immortal, He Does Not Stand in Need of Sex and Succession.
Chap. VII.—Of the Wicked Life and Death of Hercules.
Chap. VIII.—Of Æsculapius, Apollo, Mars, Castor and Pollux, and of Mercurius and Bacchus.
Chap. IX.—Of the Disgraceful Deeds of the Gods.
Chap. X.—Of Jupiter, and His Licentious Life.
Chap. XI.—The Various Emblems Under Which the Poets Veiled the Turpitude of Jupiter.
Chap. XII.—The Poets Do Not Invent All Those Things Which Relate to the Gods.
Chap. XIII.—The Actions of Jupiter are Related from the Historian Euhemerus.
Chap. XIV.—The Actions of Saturnus and Uranus Taken from the Historians.
Chap. XX.—Of the Gods Peculiar to the Romans.
Chap. XXI.—Of the Sacred Rites of the Roman Gods.
Chap. XXII.—Of the Sacred Rites Introduced by Faunus and Numa.
Chap. XXIII.—Of the Gods and Sacred Rites of the Barbarians.
Chap. XXIV.—Of the Origin of Sacred Rites and Superstitions.
Chap. XXV.—Of the Golden Age, of Images, and Prometheus, Who First Fashioned Man.
Chap. XXVI.—Of the Worship of the Elements and Stars.
Chap. XXVII.—Of the Creation, Sin, and Punishment of Man And of Angels, Both Good and Bad.
Chap. XXVIII.—Of the Demons, and Their Evil Practices.
Chap. XXIX.—Of the Patience and Providence of God.
Chap. XXXI.—Of Knowledge and Supposition.
Chap. XXXII.—Of the Sects of Philosophers, and Their Disagreement.
Chap. XXXIII.—What is the Chief Good to Be Sought in Life.
Chap. XXXIV.—That Men are Born to Justice.
Chap. XXXV.—That Immortality is the Chief Good.
Chap. XXXVI.—Of the Philosophers,—Namely, Epicurus and Pythagoras.
Chap. XXXVII.—Of Socrates and His Contradiction.
Chap. XXXVIII.—Of Plato, Whose Doctrine Approaches More Nearly to the Truth.
Chap. XXXIX.—Of Various Philosophers, and of the Antipodes.
Chap. XL.—Of the Foolishness of the Philosophers.
Chap. XLI.—Of True Religion and Wisdom.
Chap. XLII.—Of Religious Wisdom: the Name of Christ Known to None, Except Himself and His Father.
Chap. XLIII.—Of the Name of Jesus Christ, and His Twofold Nativity.
Chap. XLIV.—The Twofold Nativity of Christ is Proved from the Prophets.
Chap. XLV.—The Power and Works of Christ are Proved from the Scriptures.
Chap. XLVI.—It is Proved from the Prophets that the Passion and Death of Christ Had Been Foretold.
Chap. XLVIII.—Of the Disinheriting of the Jews, and the Adoption of the Gentiles.
Chap. XLIX.—That God is One Only.
Chap. L.—Why God Assumed a Mortal Body, and Suffered Death.
Chap. LI.—Of the Death of Christ on the Cross.
Chap. LIII.—The Reasons of the Hatred Against the Christians are Examined and Refuted.
Chap. LIV.—Of the Freedom of Religion in the Worship of God.
Chap. LV.—The Heathens Charge Justice with Impiety in Following God.
Chap. LVI.—Of Justice, Which is the Worship of the True God.
Chap. LVII.—Of Wisdom and Foolishness.
Chap. LVIII.—Of the True Worship of God, and Sacrifice.
Chap. LIX.—Of the Ways of Life, and the First Times of the World.
Chap. LX.—Of the Duties of Justice.
Chap. LXII.—Of Restraining the Pleasures of the Senses.
Chap. LXIII.—That Shows are Most Powerful to Corrupt the Minds.
Chap. LXIV.—The Passions are to Be Subdued, and We Must Abstain from Forbidden Things.
Chap. LXV.—Precepts About Those Things Which are Commanded, and of Pity.
Chap. LXVI.—Of Faith in Religion, and of Fortitude.
Chap. LXVII.—Of Repentance, the Immortality of the Soul, and of Providence.
Chap. LXVIII.—Of the World, Man, and the Providence of God.
Chap. LXIX.—That the World Was Made on Account of Man, and Man on Account of God.
Chap. LXX.—The Immortality of the Soul is Confirmed.
Chap. LXXI.—Of the Last Times.
Chap. LXXII.—Of Christ Descending from Heaven to the General Judgment, and of the Millenarian Reign.
Chap. LXXIII.—The Hope of Safety is in the Religion and Worship of God.
Venio nunc ad eam, quæ percipitur ex tactu, voluptatem: qui sensus est quidem totius corporis. Sed ego non de ornamentis, aut vestibus, sed de solâ libidine dicendum mihi puto; quæ maxime coercenda est, quia maxime nocet. Cure excogitasset Deus duorum sexuum rationero, attribuit iis, ut se invicem appeterent, et conjunctione gauderent. Itaque ardentissimam cupiditatem cunctorum animantium corporibus admiscuit, ut in hos affectus avidissime ruerent, eaque ratione propagari et multiplicari genera possent. Quæ cupiditas et appetentia in homine vehementior et acrior invenitur; vel quia hominum multitudinem voluit esse majorem, vel quoniam virtutem soli homini dedit, ut esset laus et gloria in coercendis voluptatibus, et abstinentia sui. Seit ergo adversarius ille noster, quanta sit vis hujus cupiditatis, quam quidam necessitatem dicere maluerunt; eamque a recto et bono, ad malum et pravum transfert. Illicita enim desideria immittit, ut aliena contaminent, quibus habere propria sine delicto licet. Objicit quippe oculis irritabiles formas, suggeritque fomenta, et vitiis pabulum subministrat: tum intimis visceribus stimulos omnes conturbat et commovet, et naturalem illum incitat atque inflammat ardorem, donee irretitum hominem implicatumque decipiat. Ac ne quis esset, qui pœnarum metu abstineret alieno, lupanaria quoque constituit; et pudorem infelicium mulierum publicavit, ut ludibrio haberet tam eos qui faciunt, quam quas pati necesse est.
His obscœnitatibus animas, ad sanctitatem genitas, velut in cœni gurgite demersit, pudorem extinxit, pudicitiam profligavit. Idem etiam mares maribus admiscuit; et nefandos coitus contra naturam contraque institutum Dei machinatus est: sic imbuit homines, et armavit ad nefas omne. Quid enim potest esse sanctum iis, qui ætatem imbecillam et præsidio indigentem, libidini suæ depopulandam fœdandamque substraverint? Non potest hæc res pro magnitudine sceleris enarrari. Nihil amplius istos appellare possum, quam implos et parricidas, quibus non sufficit sexus a Deo datus, nisi eliare suum profane ac petulanter illudant. Hæc tamen apud illos levia, et quasi honesta sunt. Quid dicam de iis, qui abominandam non libidinem, sod insaniam potius exercent! Piget dicere: sed quid his fore credamus, quos non piget facere? et tamen dicendum est, quia fit. De istis loquor, quorum teterrima libido et execrabilis furor ne capiti quidem parcit. Quibus hoc verbis, aut qua indignatione tantum nefas prosequar? Vincit officium linguæ sceleris magnitudo. Cum igitur libido hæc edat opera, et hæc facinora designer, armandi adversus earn virtute maxima sumus. Quisquis affectus illos frænare non potest, cohibeat eos intra præ scriptum legitimi tori, ut et illud, quod avide expetat, consequatur, et tamen in peccatum non incidat. Nam quid sibi homines perditi volunt? Nempe honesta opera voluptas sequitur: si ipsam per se appetunt, justa et legitima frui licet.
Quod si aliqua necessitas prohibebit tum vero maxima adhibenda virtus erit, ut cupiditati continentia reluctetur. Nec tanturn alienis, quæ attingere non licet, veriun etiam publicis vulgatisque corporibus abstinendum, Deus præcepit; docetque nos, cum duo inter se corpora fuerint copulata, unum corpus efficere. Ita qui se cœno immerserit, cœno sit oblitus necesse est; et corpus quidem cito ablui potest: mens autem contagione impudici corporis inquinata non potest, nisi et longo tempore, et multis bonis operibus, ab ea quæ inhæ serit colluvione purgari. Oportet ergo sibi quemque proponere, duorum sexuum conjunctionem generandi causa datam esse viventibus, eamque legera his affectibus positam, ut successionera parent. Sicut autem dedit nobis oculos Deus, non ut spectemus, voluptatemque capiamus, sed ut videamus propter eos actus, qui pertinent ad vitæ necessitatem, ita genitalem corporis partem, quod nomen ipsum docet, nulla alia causa nisi efficiendæ sobolis accepimus. Huic divinæ legi summa devotione parendum est. Sint omnes, qui se discipulos Dei profitebuntur, ita morati et instituti, ut imperare sibi possint. Nam qui voluptatibus indulgent, qui libidini obsequuntur, ii animam suam corpori mancipant, ad mortemque condemnant: quia se corpori addixerunt, in quod habet mors potestatem. Unusquisque igitur, quantum potest, formet se ad verecundiam, pudorem colat, castitatem conscientia et mente tueatur; nec tantum legibus publicis pareat: sed sit supra omnes leges, qui legem Dei sequitur. Quibus bonis si assueverit, jam pudebit eum ad deteriora desciscere: modo placeant recta et honesta, quæ melioribus jucundiora sunt quam prava et inhonesta pejoribus.
Nondum omnia castitatis officio exsecutus sum: quam Deus fion modo intra privatos parietes, sed etiam præ scripto lectuli terminat; ut cum quis hobeat uxorem, neque servam, neque liberam habere insuper velit, sed matrimonio fidem server. Non enim, sicut juris publici ratio est, solo mulier adultera est, quæ habet allure, maritus outem, etiam si plures habeat, a crimine adulterii solutus est. Sed divina lex ira duos in matrimonium, quod est in corpus unum, pari jure conjungit, ut adulter habeatur, quisquis compagem corporis in diversa distraxerit. Nec ob aliam cansam Deus, cam cæteras animantes suscepto fœtu maribus repugnare voluisset, solam omnium mulierem patientem viri fecit; scilicet ne fœminis repugnantibus, libido cogeret viros aliud appetere, eoque facto, castitatis gloriam non tenerent.1234 [Non bene conveniunt igitur legibus divinis quæ supradicta sunt auctore nostro (vide p. 143, apud n. 2) sed hæc verba de naturâ muliebri minime imperita, esse videntur.] Sed neque mulier virtutem pudicitiæ caperet, si peccare non posset. Nam quis mutum animal pudicum esse dixerit, quod suscepto foe tu mari repugnat? Quod ideo facit, quia necesse est in dolorem atque in periculum veniat, si admiserit. Nulla igitur laus est, non facere quod facere non possis. Ideo autem pudicitia in homine laudatur, quia non naturalis est, sed voluntaria. Servanda igitur fides ab utroque alteri est: immo exemplo continentia: docenda uxor, ut se caste gerat. Iniquum est enim, ut id exigas, quod præ stare ipse non possis. Quæ iniquitas effecit profecto, ut essent adulteria, foe minis ægre ferentibus præ stare se fidem non exhibentibus mutuam charitatem. Denique nulla est tam perditi pudoris adultera, quæ non hanc causam vitiis suis præ tendat; injuriam se peccando non facere, sed referre. Quod optime Quintilianus expressit: Homo, inquit, neque alieni matrimonii abstinens, neque sui custos, quæ inter se natura. connexa sunt. Nam neque maritus circa corrumpendas aliorum conjuges occupatus potest vacare domesticæ sanctitati; et uxor, cum in tale incidit matrimonium, exemplo ipso concitara, out imitari se putat, out vindicari.
Cavendum igitur, ne occasionem vitiis nostra intemperantia demus: sed assuescant invicem mores duorum, et jugum paribus animis ferant. Nos ipsos in altero cogitemus. Nam fere in hoc justitiæ summa consistit, ut non facias alteri, quidquid ipse ab altero pati nolis. Hæc sunt quæ ad continentiam præ cipiuntur a Deo. Sed tamen ne quis divina præ cepta circumscribere se putet posse, adduntur ilia, ut omnis calumnia, et occasio fraudis removeatur, adulterum esse, qui a marito dimissam duxerit, et eum qui præ tercrimen adulterii uxorem dimiserit, ut alteram ducat; dissociari enim corpus et distrahi Deus noluit. Præ terea non tanturn adulterium esse vitandum, sed etiam cogitationem; ne quis aspiciat alienam, et animo concupiscat: adulteram enim fieri mentem, si vel imaginem voluptatis sibi ipsa depinxerit. Mens est enim profecto quæ peccat; quæ immoderata: libidinis fructum cogitatione complectitur; in hac crimen est, in hac omne delictum. Nam etsi corpus nulla sit lobe maculatum, non constat tamen pudicitiæ ratio, si animus incestus est; nec illibata castitas videri potest, ubi conscientiam cupiditas inquinavit. Nec verb aliquis existimet, difficile esse fræ nos imponere voluptati, eamque vagam et errantem castitatis pudicitiæ que limitibus includere, cum propositum sit hominibus etiam vincere, ac plurimi beatam atque incorruptam corporis integritatem retinuerint, multique sint, qui hoc coe lesti genere vitæ felicissime perfruantur. Quod quidem Deus non ira fieri præ cepit, tanquam astringat, quia generari homines oportet; sed tanquam sinat. Scit enim, quantam his affectibus imposuerit necessitatem. Si quis hoc, inquit, facere potuerit, habebit eximiam incomparabilemque mercedem. Quod continentiæ genus quasi fastigium est, omniumque consummatio virtutum. Ad quam si quis eniti atque eluctari potuerit, hunc servum dominus, hunc discipulum magister agnoscet; hic terrain triumphabit, hic erit consimilis Deo, qui virtutem Dei cepit. Hæc quidem difficilia videntur; sed de eo loquimur, cui calcatis omnibus terrenis, iter in cœlum paratur. Nam quia virtus in Dei agnitione consistit, omnia gravia sunt, dum ignores; ubi cognoveris, facilia: per ipsas difficultates nobis exeundum est, qui ad summum bonum tendimus.
0716A CAPUT XXIII. De tactus voluptate et libidine, atque de matrimonio et continentia.
Venio nunc ad eam, quae percipitur ex tactu, voluptatem: qui sensus est quidem totius corporis. Sed ego non de ornamentis, aut vestibus, sed de sola libidine dicendum mihi puto; quae maxime coercenda est, quia maxime nocet. Cum excogitasset Deus duorum sexuum rationem, attribuit iis, ut se invicem appeterent, et conjunctione gauderent. Itaque ardentissimam cupiditatem cunctorum animantium corporibus admiscuit, ut in hos affectus avidissime ruerent, eaque ratione propagari et multiplicari genera possent. 0716B Quae cupiditas et appetentia in homine vehementior et acrior invenitur; vel quia hominum multitudinem voluit esse majorem, vel quoniam virtutem soli homini dedit, ut esset laus et gloria in coercendis voluptatibus, et abstinentia sui. Scit ergo adversarius ille noster, quanta sit vis hujus cupiditatis, quam quidam necessitatem dicere maluerunt; eamque a recto et bono, ad malum et pravum transfert. Illicita enim desideria immittit, ut aliena contaminent, quibus habere propria sine delicto licet. Objicit quippe oculis irritabiles formas, suggeritque fomenta, et vitiis pabulum subministrat: tum intimis visceribus stimulos omnes conturbat et commovet, et naturalem illum incitat atque inflammat ardorem, donec irretitum hominem implicatumque decipiat. Ac ne quis 0716C esset, qui poenarum metu abstineret alieno, lupanaria 0717A quoque constituit; et pudorem infelicium mulierum publicavit, ut ludibrio haberet tam eos qui faciunt, quam quas pati necesse est.
His obscoenitatibus animas, ad sanctitatem genitas, velut in coeni gurgite demersit, pudorem extinxit, pudicitiam profligavit. 0717A Idem etiam mares maribus admiscuit; et nefandos coitus contra naturam contraque institutum Dei machinatus est: sic imbuit homines, et armavit ad nefas omne. Quid enim potest esse sanctum iis, qui aetatem imbecillam et praesidio indigentem, libidini suae depopulandam foedandamque substraverint? Non potest haec res pro magnitudine sceleris enarrari. Nihil amplius istos appellare possum, quam impios et parricidas, quibus non sufficit sexus a Deo datus, nisi etiam suum profane ac petulanter 0717B illudant. Haec tamen apud illos levia, et quasi honesta sunt. Quid dicam de iis, qui abominandam non libidinem, sed insaniam potius exercent! Piget dicere: sed quid his fore credamus, quos non piget facere? et tamen dicendum est, quia fit. De istis loquor, quorum teterrima libido et execrabilis furor ne capiti quidem parcit. Quibus hoc verbis, aut qua indignatione tantum nefas prosequar? Vincit officium linguae sceleris magnitudo. Cum igitur libido haec edat opera, et haec facinora designet, armandi adversus eam virtute maxima sumus. Quisquis affectus illos fraenare non potest, cohibeat eos intra praescriptum legitimi tori, ut et illud, quod avide expetit, consequatur, et tamen in peccatum non incidat. Nam quid sibi homines perditi volunt? Nempe honesta opera voluptas sequitur: 0717C si ipsam per se appetunt, justa et legitima frui licet.
Quod si aliqua necessitas prohibebit, tum vero 0718A maxima adhibenda virtus erit, ut cupiditati continentia reluctetur. Nec tantum alienis, quae attingere non licet, verum etiam publicis vulgatisque corporibus abstinendum, Deus praecepit; docetque nos, cum duo inter se corpora fuerint copulata, unum corpus efficere. Ita qui se coeno immerserit, coeno sit oblitus necesse est; et corpus quidem cito ablui potest: mens autem contagione impudici corporis inquinata non potest, nisi et longo tempore, et multis bonis operibus, ab ea quae inhaeserit colluvione purgari. Oportet ergo sibi quemque proponere, duorum sexuum conjunctionem generandi causa datam esse viventibus, eamque legem his affectibus positam, ut successionem parent. Sicut autem dedit nobis oculos Deus, non ut spectemus, voluptatemque capiamus, sed ut videamus propter eos actus, qui pertinent 0718B ad vitae necessitatem, ita genitalem corporis partem, quod nomen ipsum docet, nulla alia causa nisi efficiendae sobolis accepimus. Huic divinae legi summa devotione parendum est. Sint omnes, qui se discipulos Dei profitebuntur, ita morati et instituti, ut imperare sibi possint. Nam qui voluptatibus indulgent, qui libidini obsequuntur, ii animam suam corpori mancipant, ad mortemque condemnant: quia se corpori addixerunt, in quod habet mors potestatem. Unusquisque igitur, quantum potest, formet se ad verecundiam, pudorem colat, castitatem conscientia et mente tueatur; nec tantum legibus publicis pareat: sed sit supra omnes leges, qui legem Dei sequitur. Quibus bonis si assueverit, jam pudebit eum ad deteriora desciscere: modo placeant recta et honesta, 0718C quae melioribus jucundiora sunt quam prava et inhonesta pejoribus.
0719A Nondum omnia castitatis officia executus sum: quam Deus non modo intra privatos parietes, sed etiam praescripto lectuli terminat; ut cum quis habeat uxorem, neque servam, neque liberam 0719A habere insuper velit, sed matrimonio fidem servet. Non enim, sicut juris publici ratio est, sola mulier adultera est, quae habet alium, maritus autem, etiam si plures habeat, a crimine adulterii solutus est. Sed divina lex ita duos in matrimonium, quod est in corpus unum, pari jure conjungit, ut adulter habeatur, quisquis compagem corporis in diversa distraxerit. Nec ob aliam causam Deus, cum caeteras animantes suscepto foetu maribus repugnare voluisset, solam omnium mulierem patientem viri fecit; scilicet ne foeminis repugnantibus, libido cogeret viros aliud 0719B appetere, eoque facto, castitatis gloriam non tenerent. Sed neque mulier virtutem pudicitiae caperet, si peccare non posset. Nam quis mutum animal pudicum esse dixerit, quod suscepto foetu mari repugnat? Quod ideo facit, quia necesse est in dolorem atque in periculum veniat, si admiserit. Nulla igitur laus est, non facere quod facere non possis. Ideo autem pudicitia in homine laudatur, quia non naturalis est, sed voluntaria. Servanda igitur fides ab utroque alteri est; immo exemplo continentiae docenda uxor, ut se caste gerat. Iniquum est enim, ut id exigas, quod praestare ipse non possis. Quae iniquitas effecit profecto, ut essent adulteria, foeminis 0720A aegre ferentibus praestare se fidem non exhibentibus mutuam charitatem. Denique nulla est tam perditi pudoris adultera, quae non hanc causam vitiis suis praetendat; injuriam se peccando non facere, sed referre. Quod optime Quintilianus expressit: Homo, inquit, neque alieni matrimonii abstinens, neque sui custos, quae inter se natura connexa sunt. Nam neque maritus circa corrumpendas aliorum conjuges occupatus potest vacare domesticae sanctitati; et uxor, cum in tale incidit matrimonium, exemplo ipso concitata, aut imitari se putat, aut vindicari.
Cavendum igitur, ne occasionem vitiis nostra intemperantia demus: sed assuescant invicem mores duorum, et jugum paribus animis ferant. Nos ipsos in altero cogitemus. Nam fere in hoc justitiae summa 0720B consistit, ut non facias alteri, quidquid ipse ab altero pati nolis. Haec sunt quae ad continentiam praecipiuntur a Deo. Sed tamen ne quis divina praecepta circumscribere se putet posse, adduntur illa, ut omnis calumnia, et occasio fraudis removeatur, adulterum esse, qui a marito dimissam duxerit, et eum qui praeter crimen adulterii uxorem dimiserit, ut alteram ducat; dissociari enim corpus et distrahi Deus noluit. Praeterea non tantum adulterium esse vitandum, sed etiam cogitationem; ne quis aspiciat alienam, et animo concupiscat: adulteram enim fieri mentem, si vel imaginem voluptatis sibi ipsa depinxerit. Mens est enim profecto quae peccat; quae immoderatae libidinis 0721A fructum cogitatione complectitur: 0721A in hac crimen est, in hac omne delictum. Nam etsi corpus nulla sit labe maculatum, non constat tamen pudicitiae ratio, si animus incestus est; nec illibata castitas videri potest, ubi conscientiam cupiditas inquinavit. Nec vero aliquis existimet, difficile esse fraenos imponere voluptati, eamque vagam et errantem castitatis pudicitiaeque limitibus includere; cum propositum sit hominibus etiam vincere, ac plurimi beatam atque incorruptam corporis integritatem retinuerint; multique sint qui hoc coelesti genere vitae felicissime perfruantur. Quod quidem Deus non ita fieri praecepit, tamquam astringat, quia generari homines oportet: sed tamquam sinat. Scit enim quantam his affectibus imposuerit necessitatem. Si quis 0721B hoc, inquit, facere potuerit, habebit eximiam incomparabilemque mercedem. Quod continentiae genus quasi fastigium est, omniumque consummatio virtutum. At quam si quis eniti atque eluctari potuerit, hunc servum dominus, hunc discipulum magister agnoscet; hic terram triumphabit; hic erit consimilis Deo, qui virtutem Dei coepit. Haec quidem difficilia videntur: sed de eo loquimur, cui calcatis omnibus terrenis, iter in coelum paratur. Nam quia virtus in Dei agnitione consistit, omnia gravia sunt, dum ignores; ubi cognoveris, facilia. Per ipsas difficultates nobis exeundum est, qui ad summum bonum tendimus.