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of the dead not because of their acceptance, so also now our salvation is not because of them; but they were cast out from their senselessness, while we were saved by our faith and by grace from above. But none of these things will be able to benefit them, unless they show the appropriate faith. Nevertheless, doing what is usual for him, he advances the argument to another encomium, which is not an encomium, but only seems to be, imitating the best of physicians, who console the sick as much as the nature of the illness allows. For what does he say? If the firstfruit is holy, so is the lump; and if the root is holy, so are the branches; calling firstfruit and root here, those around Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, the prophets, the patriarchs, all those who were well-pleasing in the Old Testament; and branches, those from them who believed. Then since the fact that many had disbelieved opposed him, see how he again cuts this short, and says: But if some of the branches were broken off. And yet you said above that the majority perished, and few were saved; how then have you here placed "Some" in reference to those who are perishing, which is indicative of a small number? Not contradicting myself, he says, but hastening to heal and to win back those who are in a bad state. Do you see how throughout the whole passage he is shown to be establishing this, the desire to console them? And if you take that away, many contradictions will follow. But consider his wisdom, how while seeming to speak on their behalf, and devising a consolation for them, he also strikes covertly, and shows them to be deprived of all defense, from the root, from the firstfruit. For consider the wickedness of the branches, when, not even having a sweet root, they imitate it; and the evil of the lump, when it is not changed even by the firstfruit. But if some of the branches were broken off. And yet the greater part was broken off; but, as I said, he wishes to console them. For this reason he does not introduce the argument from himself, but from them, and in this covertly touching upon them, and showing that they have fallen away from the kinship of Abraham; for this was what he hastened to say, that they have nothing in common with him. For if the root is holy, but these are not holy, then these are far from the root. Then, while seeming to console the Jew, he again strikes through the accusation of those from the Gentiles; for having said, "But if some of the branches were broken off," he added: "But you, being a wild olive tree, 60.589 were grafted in." For the more humble the one from the Gentiles is, the more the Jew is pained seeing this one delighting in his things; and for that one, the shame from his humility is not as great as the honor from the change. And consider the wisdom; he did not say, "You were planted in," but, "You were grafted in," in this again stinging the Jew, and showing the one from the Gentiles standing in his tree, and him lying on the ground. Wherefore he did not stop at this, nor having said, "You were grafted in," did he depart, although by this he declared the whole matter; but still he dwells on the prosperity of this one, and extends his good repute, saying: And you became a partaker of the root and of the richness of the olive tree. And he seems to have placed it in the order of an addition; but he shows that he is in no way harmed by this, but that he has everything, as much as the branch that came up from the root had. For lest, having heard, "But you were grafted in," you should think him to be inferior when comparing him to the natural branch, see how he makes him equal, saying: "And you became a partaker of the root and of the richness of the olive tree;" that is, you were established in the same nobility, in the same nature. Then, having rebuked and said, "Do not boast against the branches," he seems to be consoling the Jew, but he shows his lowliness and great dishonor. For this reason he did not say, "Do not boast," but, "Do not boast against," do not boast against them so as to cast them off; for you stand in their place, you enjoy their things. 5. Do you see how he seems to rebuke these, but stings those? But if you boast against them, he says, you do not support the root, but the root supports you. What then is this to the branches that were cut off? Nothing. For as I said before, a certain shadow

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τῶν νεκρῶν οὐ διὰ τὴν πρόσληψιν αὐτῶν, οὕτως οὐδὲ νῦν ἡ σωτηρία ἡ ἡμετέρα δι' αὐτούς· ἀλλ' ἐξεβλήθησαν μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἀνοίας αὐτῶν, ἐσώθημεν δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως ἡμεῖς καὶ τῆς ἄνωθεν χάριτος. Τούτων δὲ οὐδὲν ἐκείνους ὠφελῆσαι δυνήσεται, εἰ μὴ τὴν προσήκουσαν ἐπιδείξαιντο πίστιν. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ τὰ αὐτῷ συνήθη ποιῶν, προάγει τὸν λόγον εἰς ἕτερον ἐγκώμιον, οὐκ ὂν ἐγκώμιον, ἀλλὰ δοκοῦν εἶναι μόνον, τοὺς ἀρίστους τῶν ἰατρῶν μιμούμενος, οἳ τοσαῦτα παραμυθοῦνται τοὺς κάμνοντας, ὅσα ἡ τῆς ἀῤῥωστίας ἐνδίδωσι φύσις. Τί γάρ φησιν; Εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα· καὶ εἰ ἡ ῥίζα ἁγία, καὶ οἱ κλάδοι· ἀπαρχὴν ἐνταῦθα καὶ ῥίζαν καλῶν, τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακὼβ, τοὺς προφήτας, τοὺς πατριάρχας, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς Παλαιᾶς εὐδοκιμηκότας ἅπαντας· κλάδους δὲ τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν πιστεύσαντας. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ ἀντέπιπτεν αὐτῷ τὸ πολλοὺς ἠπιστηκέναι, ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸ πάλιν ὑποτέμνεται, καί φησιν· Εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν. Καὶ μὴν ἄνω ἔλεγες, ὅτι οἱ πλείους ἀπώλοντο, καὶ ὀλίγοι διεσώθησαν· πῶς οὖν ἐνταῦθα ἐπὶ τῶν ἀπολλυμένων τὸ, Τινὲς, τέθεικας, ὅπερ ὀλιγότητός ἐστιν ἐμφαντικόν; Οὐκ ἐμαυτῷ, φησὶ, περιπίπτων, ἀλλὰ θεραπεῦσαι σπεύδων καὶ ἀνακτήσασθαι τοὺς πεπονηκότας. Εἶδες πῶς διὰ παντὸς τοῦ χωρίου δείκνυται τοῦτο κατασκευάζων, τὸ βούλεσθαι παραμυθήσασθαι αὐτούς; κἂν ἀνέλῃς αὐτὸ, πολλὰ ἕψεται τὰ ἐναντιώματα. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει αὐτοῦ τὴν σοφίαν, πῶς δοκῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν λέγειν, καὶ παραμυθίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπινοεῖν, καὶ πλήττει λανθανόντως, καὶ πάσης ἀπολογίας δείκνυσιν ἐστερημένους, ἀπὸ τῆς ῥίζης, ἀπὸ τῆς ἀπαρχῆς. Ἐννόησον γὰρ πονηρίαν τῶν κλάδων, ὅτε μηδὲ ῥίζαν ἔχοντες γλυκεῖαν, μιμοῦνται αὐτήν· καὶ τὴν κακίαν τοῦ φυράματος, ὅταν μηδὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀπαρχῆς μεταβάλληται. Εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν. Καὶ μὴν τὸ πλέον ἐξεκλάσθη· ἀλλ', ὅπερ ἔφην, βούλεται αὐτοὺς παραμυθεῖσθαι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλὰ παρ' ἐκείνων εἰσάγει τὸν λόγον, καὶ ἐν τούτῳ λανθανόντως αὐτῶν καθικνούμενος, καὶ δεικνὺς τῆς τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ συγγενείας ἐκπεπτωκότας· τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν, ὃ ἔσπευδεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οὐδὲν κοινὸν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἔχουσιν. Εἰ γὰρ ἁγία ἡ ῥίζα, οὗτοι δὲ οὐχ ἅγιοι, ἄρα πόῤῥω τῆς ῥίζης οὗτοι. Εἶτα δοκῶν παραμυθήσασθαι τὸν Ἰουδαῖον, πάλιν πλήττει διὰ τῆς κατηγορίας τοὺς ἐξ ἐθνῶν· εἰπὼν γὰρ, Εἰ δέ τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν, ἐπήγαγε· Σὺ δὲ ἀγριέλαιος 60.589 ὢν, ἐνεκεντρίσθης. Ὅσῳ γὰρ ἂν εὐτελὴς ᾖ ὁ ἐξ ἐθνῶν, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ὁ Ἰουδαῖος ἀλγεῖ τοῖς αὐτοῦ τοῦτον ἐντρυφῶντα ὁρῶν· κἀκείνῳ δὲ οὐ τοσαύτη ἀπὸ τῆς εὐτελείας ἡ αἰσχύνη, ὅση ἀπὸ τῆς μεταβολῆς ἡ τιμή. Καὶ σκόπει σοφίαν· οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἐνεφυτεύθης, ἀλλ', Ἐνεκεντρίσθης, ἐν τούτῳ πάλιν δάκνων τὸν Ἰουδαῖον, καὶ δεικνὺς ἐν τῷ δένδρῳ τῷ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἑστηκότα, καὶ τοῦτον κείμενον χαμαί. ∆ιόπερ οὐδὲ μέχρι τούτου ἔστη, οὐδὲ εἰπὼν, Ἐνεκεντρίσθης, ἀπηλλάγη, καίτοι τὸ πᾶν ἐδήλωσε τούτῳ· ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐνδιατρίβει τῇ εὐημερίᾳ τούτου, καὶ εὐρύνει τὴν εὐδοκίμησιν, λέγων· Καὶ συγκοινωνὸς τῆς ῥίζης καὶ τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου. Καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν αὐτὸν ἐν τάξει προσθήκης τεθεικέναι· δείκνυσι δὲ οὐδὲν αὐτὸν ταύτῃ παραβλαπτόμενον, ἀλλὰ τὸ πᾶν ἔχοντα, ὅσον εἶπεν ὁ κλάδος ὁ ἐκ τῆς ῥίζης ἀναβάς. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ ἀκούσας, Σὺ δὲ ἐνεκεντρίσθης, ἠλαττῶσθαι αὐτὸν νομίσῃς πρὸς τὸν ἔμφυτον κλάδον συγκρίνων, ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸν ἐξισοῖ λέγων· Καὶ συγκοινωνὸς τῆς ῥίζης καὶ τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου· τουτέστιν, εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν κατέστης εὐγένειαν, εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν. Εἶτα ἐπιπλήξας, καὶ εἰπὼν, Μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων, δοκεῖ μὲν παραμυθεῖσθαι τὸν Ἰουδαῖον, δείκνυσι δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸ εὐτελὲς καὶ τὴν πολλὴν ἀτιμίαν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ εἶπε, Μὴ καυχῶ, ἀλλὰ, Μὴ κατακαυχῶ, μὴ κατ' ἐκείνων καυχῶ ὥστε αὐτοὺς ἀποῤῥῆξαι· καὶ γὰρ εἰς τὰ ἐκείνων ἕστηκας, τῶν ἐκείνων ἀπολαύεις. εʹ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς δοκεῖ μὲν ἐπιπλήττειν τούτοις, δάκνει δὲ ἐκείνους; Εἰ δὲ κατακαυχᾶσαι, φησὶν, οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλ' ἡ ῥίζα σέ. Τί οὖν πρὸς τοὺς κλάδους τοῦτο τοὺς ἐκκοπέντας; Οὐδέν. Ὅπερ γὰρ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, σκιάν τινα