168

HOMILY XXXIV.

Obey your leaders, and submit; for they keep watch over

your souls, as those who will give an account; so that they may do this with joy, and not with groaning; for this is unprofitable for you. 1. Anarchy is indeed an evil everywhere, and the cause of many calamities, and the beginning of disorder and confusion; but especially in the Church it is so much more dangerous, as the rule is greater and higher. For just as, if you take away the leader of a choir, the choir will not be in melody and in order, and if you remove the general from an army's phalanx, the battle line will no longer be in rhythm and order, and if you remove the helmsman from a ship, you will sink the vessel; so also, if you remove the shepherd from a flock, you have overturned and destroyed everything. Anarchy, then, is an evil and a cause of subversion, but the disobedience of those who are ruled is no less an evil; for the same thing happens again. For a people not obeying a ruler is like one having no ruler, and perhaps even worse; for in the former case they have an excuse for the disorder, but here no longer, but they are also punished. But perhaps someone will say to us, that there is also a third evil, when the ruler is wicked. I know it too, and this is no small evil, but even much worse than anarchy; for it is better to be led by no one than to be led by a wicked person. For the one has often been saved, and has often been in danger; but the other will certainly be in danger, being led into precipices. How then does Paul say: Obey your leaders, and submit? Having said above, Whose faith follow, considering the outcome of their conduct, he then said, Obey your leaders, and submit. What then, he says, when he is wicked, and we should not obey? Wicked, in what sense? If it is a matter of faith, flee and shun him, not only if he is a man, but even if he is an angel descending from heaven; but if it is a matter of life, do not be overly concerned. And I say this example not from myself, but from the divine Scripture. For hear Christ saying: The Scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. Having first said many terrible things about them, He then says: They sit in Moses' seat. All therefore, whatsoever they bid you do, do; but do not do after their works. 63.232 They have, He says, the dignity, but they are of an unclean life. But pay attention not to their life, but to their words; for on account of their morals no one would be harmed. Why so? Because they are evident to all, and not even he, however wicked he may be ten thousand times over, will ever teach wicked things. But in a matter of faith, it is not evident to all, and the wicked one will not shrink from teaching it; since also, Judge not, that you be not judged, is about life, not about faith; for what follows shows this. For why, He says, do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but do not perceive the beam that is in your own eye? All therefore whatsoever they bid you, He says, do, do (and the 'do' is of works, not of faith); but do not do after their works. Do you see that the discourse is not about dogmas, but about life and works?

But Paul first commended them, and then says: Obey your leaders, and submit; for they keep watch over your souls, as those who will give an account. Let the rulers also hear, not only those who are ruled, that just as the ruled must be obedient, so also the rulers must be vigilant and sober. What do you say? he keeps watch, he has dangers upon his own head, he is subject to the punishments for your sins, and on your account he is liable to so great a fear, and you are indolent and feign ignorance and are stubborn, and you do not wish to obey? For this reason he adds, saying: That they may do this with joy, and not with groaning; for this is unprofitable for you. Do you see that the ruler who is despised ought not to retaliate, but that his great defense is to weep and to groan? Naturally.

168

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Λ∆ʹ.

Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν, καὶ ὑπείκετε· αὐτοὶ γὰρ ἀγρυπνοῦσιν ὑπὲρ

τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν, ὡς λόγον ἀποδώσοντες· ἵνα μετὰ χαρᾶς τοῦτο ποιῶσι, καὶ μὴ στενάζοντες· ἀλυσιτελὲς γὰρ ὑμῖν τοῦτο. αʹ. Κακὸν μὲν ἡ ἀναρχία πανταχοῦ, καὶ πολλῶν ὑπόθεσις συμφορῶν, καὶ ἀρχὴ ἀταξίας καὶ συγχύσεως· μάλιστα δὲ ἐν Ἐκκλησίᾳ τοσοῦτον ἐπισφαλεστέρα ἐστὶν, ὅσον καὶ τὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς μεῖζον καὶ ὑψηλότερον. Ὥσπερ γὰρ, ἂν χοροῦ τὸν κορυφαῖον ἀνέλῃς, οὐχὶ κατὰ μέλος καὶ κατὰ τάξιν ὁ χορὸς ἔσται, καὶ φάλαγγος στρατοπέδου τὸν στρατηγὸν ἂν ἀποστήσῃς, οὐκ ἔτι ῥυθμῷ καὶ τάξει τὰ τῆς παρατάξεως ἔσται, καὶ πλοίου τὸν κυβερνήτην ἐὰν περιέλῃς, καταδύσεις τὸ σκάφος· οὕτω καὶ, ποιμνίου τὸν ποιμένα ἐὰν ἀποστήσῃς, πάντα ἀνέτρεψας καὶ ἠφάνισας. Κακὸν μὲν οὖν ἡ ἀναρχία καὶ ἀνατροπῆς ὑπόθεσις, κακὸν δὲ οὐχ ἧττον καὶ ἡ ἀπείθεια τῶν ἀρχομένων· τὸ αὐτὸ γὰρ γίνεται πάλιν. Λαὸς γὰρ ἄρχοντι μὴ πειθόμενος, ὅμοιός ἐστι τῷ μὴ ἔχοντι, τάχα δὲ καὶ χείρων· ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ καὶ συγγνώμην ἔχουσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀταξίας, ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐκέτι, ἀλλὰ καὶ κολάζονται. Ἀλλ' ἴσως ἐρεῖ τις ἡμῖν, ὅτι ἔστι καὶ τρίτον κακὸν, ὅταν ὁ ἄρχων ᾖ κακός. Οἶδα κἀγὼ, καὶ οὐ μικρὸν τοῦτο κακὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀναρχίας πολλῷ κάκιον· κρεῖττον γὰρ ὑπὸ μηδενὸς ἄγεσθαι ἢ ὑπὸ κακοῦ ἄγεσθαι. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ πολλάκις μὲν ἐσώθη, πολλάκις δὲ ἐκινδύνευσεν· οὗτος δὲ πάντως κινδυνεύσει, εἰς βάραθρα ἀγόμενος. Πῶς οὖν ὁ Παῦλός φησι· Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν, καὶ ὑπείκετε; Ἀνωτέρω εἰπὼν, Ὧν ἀναθεωροῦντες τὴν ἔκβασιν τῆς ἀναστροφῆς μιμεῖσθε τὴν πίστιν, τότε εἶπε, Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν, καὶ ὑπείκετε. Τί οὖν, φησὶν, ὅταν πονηρὸς ᾖ, καὶ μὴ πειθώμεθα; Πονηρὸς, πῶς λέγεις; εἰ μὲν πίστεως ἕνεκεν, φεῦγε αὐτὸν καὶ παραίτησαι, μὴ μόνον ἂν ἄνθρωπος ᾖ, ἀλλὰ κἂν ἄγγελος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ κατιών· εἰ δὲ βίου ἕνεκεν, μὴ περιεργάζου. Καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ οἴκοθεν λέγω τὸ ὑπόδειγμα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς θείας Γραφῆς. Ἄκουε γὰρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοντος· Ἐπὶ τῆς Μωϋσέως καθέδρας ἐκάθισαν οἱ Γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι. Πρότερον εἰπὼν δεινὰ πολλὰ περὶ αὐτῶν, τότε φησίν· Ἐπὶ τῆς Μωϋσέως καθέδρας ἐκάθισαν. Πάντα οὖν, ὅσα ἂν λέγωσιν ὑμῖν ποιεῖν, ποιεῖτε· κατὰ δὲ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ 63.232 ποιεῖτε. Ἔχουσι, φησὶ, τὸ ἀξίωμα, ἀλλὰ βίου εἰσὶν ἀκαθάρτου. Ἀλλὰ μὴ τῷ βίῳ, ἀλλὰ τοῖς λόγοις προσέχετε· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἠθῶν ἕνεκεν οὐδεὶς ἂν βλαβείη. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι καὶ δῆλα πᾶσίν ἐστι, καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς, κἂν μυριάκις ᾖ πονηρὸς, πονηρὰ διδάξει ποτέ. Πίστεως δὲ ἕνεκεν, οὔτε δῆλόν ἐστιν ἅπασιν, ὅ τε πονηρὸς οὐ παραιτήσεται διδάσκειν· ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ, Μὴ κρίνετε, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε, περὶ βίου ἐστὶν, οὐ περὶ πίστεως· τὸ γοῦν ἐπαγόμενον τοῦτο δηλοῖ. Τί γὰρ βλέπεις, φησὶ, τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου, τὴν δὲ δοκὸν τὴν ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς; Πάντα οὖν ὅσα ἂν λέγωσιν ὑμῖν, φησὶ, ποιεῖν, ποιεῖτε (τὸ δὲ ποιεῖν ἔργων ἐστὶν, οὐ πίστεως)· κατὰ δὲ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ ποιεῖτε. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐ περὶ δογμάτων ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ περὶ βίου καὶ ἔργων; Ἀλλ' ὁ Παῦλος πρότερον συνέστησεν αὐτοὺς, καὶ τότε φησί· Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν, καὶ ὑπείκετε· αὐτοὶ γὰρ ἀγρυπνοῦσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν, ὡς λόγον ἀποδώσοντες. Ἀκουέτωσαν καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες, μὴ μόνον οἱ ἀρχόμενοι, ὅτι ὥσπερ πειθηνίους εἶναι δεῖ τοὺς ἀρχομένους, οὕτω καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἀγρύπνους εἶναι καὶ νηφαλίους. Τί λέγεις; ἀγρυπνεῖ, κινδύνους ἔχει κατὰ τῆς αὑτοῦ κεφαλῆς, ὑπόκειται ταῖς τιμωρίαις τῶν σῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ διὰ σὲ τοσούτῳ ἐστὶν ὑπεύθυνος φόβῳ, καὶ σὺ ῥᾳθυμεῖς καὶ ἀκκίζῃ καὶ βάναυσος εἶ, καὶ οὐ βούλει πείθεσθαι; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο προστίθησι λέγων· Ἵνα μετὰ χαρᾶς τοῦτο ποιῶσι, καὶ μὴ στενάζοντες· ἀλυσιτελὲς γὰρ ὑμῖν τοῦτο. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τὸν ἄρχοντα καταφρονούμενον οὐκ ἀμύνεσθαι χρὴ, ἀλλ' ἡ πολλὴ ἄμυνα τὸ κλαῦσαι καὶ στενάξαι ἐστίν; εἰκότως.