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For we suppose all these things to lie blameably according to this place of Scripture, until the word, having taken them, might change them for the better. Whence the word adds to these things, saying, let them not taste nor feed, and let them not drink water, forbidding, that is, the former causes constitutive of the passions for each of the things mentioned; after which being taken away, showing the change for the better of those once held fast by evil practices, it adds: «and the men and the beasts put on sackcloths, and cried out earnestly to the Lord God; and each turned from his evil way and from the iniquity that was in their hands». Men, as I said, let us understand to be said of those held by the passions of the soul according to the erroneous judgment of reason, and beasts those who for pleasure, according to the misuse of anger and desire, are nailed to the passions of the body, all putting on, like sackcloths, the mortification of the members on earth, that is, of every earthly law and way of thinking, and crying out earnestly, that is, with a loud voice, or with boldness against lawlessness, confessing the impunity of their former sins, and departing, as from some road, from their habitual course and from the iniquity which is worked in their deeds, as if in their hands.

Thus, therefore, Nineveh, understood as the common nature, that is, the Church of the nations, perpetually shows Jonah preaching in it, that is, the word of prophetic grace and each day turning the lost to God. But if we understand Nineveh with respect to the contemplation of each individual(21), we say that the soul of each is the great city (14Γ_320>, to which, when it is transgressing, the Word of God is sent, to preach repentance unto life; of this city we understand the king to be the mind, the rulers to be the innate powers, the men to be the impassioned thoughts, the beasts to be the movements of the body according to desire, the cattle to be the covetous movements concerning material things according to anger, and the sheep to be the movements according to sensation, perceptive of sensible things without understanding, and the king, the mind, as from a throne, rising from the disposition according to its former ignorance and, like a garment, putting off the false opinion concerning beings and, like sackcloth, putting on repentance for its evil thoughts and sitting on ashes of the disposition according to poverty of spirit and commanding the men and the beasts and the cattle and the sheep to fast from the food of malice and the drink of ignorance, that is, to abstain from the practice of evils and from the erring contemplation according to sensation, and to put on sackcloths, that is, the disposition that brings about the mortification of the passions contrary to nature but produces the virtues and knowledge according to nature, and to cry out earnestly to God, that is, to confess intently their former sins and to propitiate by humility the one who is able to grant forgiveness for what has preceded, and to ask for the energy of better things and for the unchangeable power to guard their choice from the one who readily grants this to those who ask, and, as from an evil way, to prevent the mind from its former error and to put off the disposition inventive of evil from the practical powers of the soul.

In this great city, that is, the common nature of men or the Church from the nations or the soul of each individual, saved through the word of virtue and of knowledge, that is, of faith and a good conscience, there are more than twelve myriads of men, who did not know their right hand or their left hand. I suppose Scripture here speaks of twelve myriads according to the anagogical (14Γ_322> principles, the principles concerning time and nature, that is, the knowledge, along with the things not without it, which is comprehensive of visible nature(22). For if the

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Ψεκτῶς γὰρ κεῖσθαι πάντα ταῦτα κατὰ τοῦτον τῆς Γραφῆς τὸν τόπον ὑπονοοῦμεν, ἕως ὁ λόγος λαβὼν πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον αὐτὰ μεταβάλοι. Ὅθεν τούτοις ἐπάγει φάσκων ὁ λόγος μὴ γευέσθωσαν μηδὲ νεμέσθωσαν, καὶ ὕδωρ μὴ πιέτωσαν, κωλύων δηλαδὴ τὰς προτέρας ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῳ τῶν εἰρημένων συστατικὰς τῶν παθῶν αἰτίας· μεθ᾽ ἃς ἀναιρουμένας τὴν πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μεταβολὴν τῶν ποτε τοῖς κακοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἐνισχημένων ἐπιδεικνύμενος ἐπιφέρει· «καὶ περιεβάλοντο σάκκους οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τὰ κτήνη, καὶ ἀνεβόησαν πρὸς Κύριον τὸν Θεὸν ἐκτενῶς· καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν ἕκαστος ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ τῆς πονηρᾶς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀδικίας τῆς ἐν χερσὶν αὐτῶν». Ἀνθρώπους, ὡς ἔφην, λέγεσθαι νοήσωμεν τοὺς ἐνεχομένους κατὰ τὴν ἐσφαλμένην τοῦ λόγου κρίσιν ὑπὸ τῶν ψυχικῶν παθημάτων, κτήνη δὲ τοὺς καθ᾽ ἡδονὴν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ θυμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας παράχρησιν τοῖς σωματικοῖς προσηλωμένους παθήμασιν, πάντας, καθάπερ σάκκους, περιβαλλομένους τὴν νέκρωσιν τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς μελῶν, ἤτουν παντὸς τοῦ χοϊκοῦ νόμου τε καὶ φρονήματος, καὶ ἀναβοῶντας ἐκτενῶς, τουτέστι μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ, ἤγουν τῇ κατὰ τῆς ἀνομίας παρρησίᾳ, ἐξαγορεύοντας τῶν προτέρων ἁμαρτημάτων τὴν ἄδειαν, καὶ ἀφισταμένους, ὡς ὁδοῦ τινος, τοῦ κατὰ συνήθειαν δρόμου καὶ τῆς, ὡς ἐν χερσίν, ταῖς πράξεσιν ἐνεργουμένης ἀδικίας.

Οὕτω μὲν οὖν εἰς τὴν κοινὴν φύσιν, ἤτουν τὴν τῶν ἐθνῶν Ἐκκλησίαν, ἡ Νινευὴ νοουμένη διαπαντὸς δείκνυσιν ἐν αὐτῇ κηρύττοντα τὸν Ἰωνᾶν, τουτέστι τὸν λόγον τῆς προφητικῆς χάριτος καὶ καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐπιστρέφοντα τοὺς πεπλανημένους. Εἰ δὲ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον θεωρίαν τὴν Νινευὴ νοοῦμεν(21), τὴν ἑκάστου ψυχὴν εἶναί φαμεν τὴν πόλιν (14Γ_320> τὴν μεγάλην, πρὸς ἣν ἀποστέλλεται παρανομοῦσαν ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγος, κηρύξων μετάνοιαν πρὸς ζωήν· ταύτης δὲ βασιλέα νοοῦμεν τὸν νοῦν, ἄρχοντας δὲ τὰς ἐμφύτους δυνάμεις, ἀνθρώπους δὲ τοὺς ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς, κτήνη δὲ τὰ περὶ τὸ σῶμα κατ᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν κινήματα, βόας δὲ τὰς κατὰ τὸν θυμὸν περὶ τὰ ὑλικὰ πλεονεκτικὰς κινήσεις, πρόβατα δὲ τὰ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν χωρὶς διανοίας ἀντιληπτικὰ τῶν αἰσθητῶν κινήματα, καὶ τὸν μὲν βασιλέα νοῦν, ὡς ἀπὸ θρόνου τινός, τῆς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἄγνοιαν ἐξανιστάμενον ἕξεως καί, ὥσπερ στολήν, τὴν ψευδῆ περὶ τῶν ὄντων δόξαν ἀποτιθέμενον καί, ὡς σάκκον, περιβαλλόμενον τὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς κακῶς φρονηθεῖσι μετάμελον καὶ ἐπὶ σποδοῦ καθήμενον τῆς κατὰ τὴν πτωχείαν τοῦ πνεύματος ἕξεως καὶ προστάσσοντα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ τοῖς κτήνεσι καὶ τοῖς βουσὶ καὶ τοῖς προβάτοις νηστεύειν τῆς τε κατὰ κακίαν βρώσεως καὶ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν πόσεως, τουτέστι πράξεως κακῶν ἀποσχέσθαι καὶ τῆς κατ᾽ αἴσθησιν πεπλανημένης θεωρίας, καὶ περιβαλέσθαι σάκκους, τουτέστι τὴν νεκρωτικὴν μὲν τῶν παρὰ φύσιν παθῶν περιποιητικὴν δὲ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἀρετῶν τε καὶ γνώσεων ἕξιν, καὶ ἀναβοῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐκτενῶς, ἐξαγορεῦσαι δηλονότι συντόνως τὰ πρότερα καὶ ἱλεώσασθαι τῇ ταπεινώσει τὸν συγχώρησιν δοῦναι τῶν προλαβόντων δυνάμενον, καὶ αἰτῆσαι πρὸς τὴν τῶν κρειττόνων ἐνέργειαν καὶ φυλακὴν προαιρέσεως δύναμιν ἄτρεπτον τὸν ἑτοίμως ταύτην τοῖς αἰτοῦσι δωρούμενον, καί, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ πονηρᾶς, τῆς προτέρας πλάνης κωλῦσαι τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὴν ἐπινοητικὴν τῆς κακίας ἕξιν τῶν κατὰ ψυχὴν πρακτικῶν ἀποθέσθαι δυνάμεων.

Εἰς ταύτην δὲ τὴν πόλιν τὴν μεγάλην, τουτέστι τὴν κοινὴν φύσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἢ τὴν ἐξ ἐθνῶν Ἐκκλησίαν ἢ τὴν τοῦ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ψυχήν, διὰ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς γνώσεως ἤγουν πίστεως καὶ ἀγαθῆς συνειδήσεως σῳζομένην, ὑπάρχουσι πλείους ἢ δώδεκα μυριάδες ἀνδρῶν, οἵτινες οὐκ ἔγνωσαν δεξιὰν αὐτῶν οὐδὲ ἀριστερὰν αὐτῶν. ∆ώδεκα μυριάδας ἐνταῦθα λέγειν ὑπονοῶ τὴν Γραφὴν κατὰ τοὺς τῆς ἀναγωγῆς (14Γ_322> λόγους τοὺς περὶ χρόνου καὶ φύσεως λόγους, ἤγουν τὴν μετὰ τῶν οὐκ ἄνευ περιληπτικὴν τῆς ὁρωμένης φύσεως γνῶσιν(22). Εἰ γὰρ ὁ