Chapter 1.—The Attempt is Made to Distinguish Out of the Scriptures the Offices of Wisdom and of Knowledge. That in the Beginning of John Some Things that are Said Belong to Wisdom, Some to Knowledge. Some Things There are Only Known by the Help of Faith. How We See the Faith that is in Us. In the Same Narrative of John, Some Things are Known by the Sense of the Body, Others Only by the Reason of the Mind.

1. In the book before this, viz. the twelfth of this work, we have done enough to distinguish the office of the rational mind in temporal things, wherein not only our knowing but our action is concerned, from the more excellent office of the same mind, which is employed in contemplating eternal things, and is limited to knowing alone. But I think it more convenient that I should insert somewhat out of the Holy Scriptures, by which the two may more easily be distinguished.

2. John the Evangelist has thus begun his Gospel: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through Him might believe. He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made by Him, and the world knew Him not. He came unto His own, and His own received Him not. But as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on His name: which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us (and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only-begotten of the Father), full of grace and truth.”784    John i. 1–14 This entire passage, which I have here taken from the Gospel, contains in its earlier portions what is immutable and eternal, the contemplation of which makes us blessed; but in those which follow, eternal things are mentioned in conjunction with temporal things. And hence some things there belong to knowledge, some to wisdom, according to our previous distinction in the twelfth book. For the words,—“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehended it not:”—require a contemplative life, and must be discerned by the intellectual mind; and the more any one has profited in this, the wiser without doubt will he become. But on account of the verse, “The light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehended it not,” faith certainly was necessary, whereby that which was not seen might be believed. For by “darkness” he intended to signify the hearts of mortals turned away from light of this kind, and hardly able to behold it; for which reason he subjoins, “There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through Him might believe.” But here we come to a thing that was done in time, and belongs to knowledge, which is comprised in the cognizance of facts. And we think of the man John under that phantasy which is impressed on our memory from the notion of human nature. And whether men believe or not, they think this in the same manner. For both alike know what man is, the outer part of whom, that is, his body, they have learned through the eyes of the body; but of the inner, that is, the soul, they possess the knowledge in themselves, because they also themselves are men, and through intercourse with men; so that they are able to think what is said, “There was a man, whose name was John,” because they know the names also by interchange of speech. But that which is there also, viz. “sent from God,” they who hold at all, hold by faith; and they who do not hold it by faith, either hesitate through doubt, or deride it through unbelief. Yet both, if they are not in the number of those over-foolish ones, who say in their heart “There is no God,”785    Ps. xiv. 1 when they hear these words, think both things, viz. both what God is, and what it is to be sent from God; and if they do not do this as the things themselves really are, they do it at any rate as they can.

3. Further, we know from other sources the faith itself which a man sees to be in his own heart, if he believes, or not to be there, if he does not believe: but not as we know bodies, which we see with the bodily eyes, and think of even when absent through the images of themselves which we retain in memory; nor yet as those things which we have not seen, and which we frame howsoever we can in thought from those which we have seen, and commit them to memory, that we may recur to them when we will, in order that therein we may similarly by recollection discern them, or rather discern the images of them, of what sort soever these are which we have fixed there; nor again as a living man, whose soul we do not indeed see, but conjecture from our own, and from corporeal motions gaze also in thought upon the living man, as we have learnt him by sight. Faith is not so seen in the heart in which it is, by him whose it is; but most certain knowledge holds it fast, and conscience proclaims it. Although therefore we are bidden to believe on this account, because we cannot see what we are bidden to believe; nevertheless we see faith itself in ourselves, when that faith is in us; because faith even in absent things is present, and faith in things which are without us is within, and faith in things which are not seen is itself seen, and itself none the less comes into the hearts of men in time; and if any cease to be faithful and become unbelievers, then it perishes from them. And sometimes faith is accommodated even to falsehoods; for we sometimes so speak as to say, I put faith in him, and he deceived me. And this kind of faith, if indeed it too is to be called faith, perishes from the heart without blame, when truth is found and expels it. But faith in things that are true, passes, as one should wish it to pass, into the things themselves. For we must not say that faith perishes, when those things which were believed are seen. For is it indeed still to be called faith, when faith, according to the definition in the Epistle to the Hebrews, is the evidence of things not seen?786    Heb. xi. 1

4. In the words which follow next, “The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe;” the action, as we have said, is one done in time. For to bear witness even to that which is eternal, as is that light that is intelligible, is a thing done in time. And of this it was that John came to bear witness who “was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light.” For he adds “That was the true Light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made by Him, and the world knew Him not. He came unto His own, and His own received Him not.” Now they who know the Latin language, understand all these words, from those things which they know: and of these, some have become known to us through the senses of the body, as man, as the world itself, of which the greatness is so evident to our sight; as again the sounds of the words themselves, for hearing also is a sense of the body; and some through the reason of the mind, as that which is said, “And His own received Him not;” for this means, that they did not believe in Him; and what belief is, we do not know by any sense of the body, but by the reason of the mind. We have learned, too, not the sounds, but the meanings of the words themselves, partly through the sense of the body, partly through the reason of the mind. Nor have we now heard those words for the first time, but they are words we had heard before. And we were retaining in our memory as things known, and we here recognized, not only the words themselves, but also what they meant. For when the bisyllabic word mundus is uttered, then something that is certainly corporeal, for it is a sound, has become known through the body, that is, through the ear. But that which it means also, has become known through the body, that is, through the eyes of the flesh. For so far as the world is known to us at all, it is known through sight. But the quadri-syllabic word crediderunt reaches us, so far as its sound, since that is a corporeal thing, through the ear of the flesh; but its meaning is discoverable by no sense of the body, but by the reason of the mind. For unless we knew through the mind what the word crediderunt meant, we should not understand what they did not do, of whom it is said, “And His own received Him not.” The sound then of the word rings upon the ears of the body from without, and reaches the sense which is called hearing. The species also of man is both known to us in ourselves, and is presented to the senses of the body from without, in other men; to the eyes, when it is seen; to the ears, when it is heard; to the touch, when it is held and touched; and it has, too, its image in our memory, incorporeal indeed, but like the body. Lastly, the wonderful beauty of the world itself is at hand from without, both to our gaze, and to that sense which is called touch, if we come in contact with any of it: and this also has its image within in our memory, to which we revert, when we think of it either in the enclosure of a room, or again in darkness. But we have already sufficiently spoken in the eleventh book of these images of corporeal things; incorporeal indeed, yet having the likeness of bodies, and belonging to the life of the outer man. But we are treating now of the inner man, and of his knowledge, namely, that knowledge which is of things temporal and changeable; into the purpose and scope of which, when anything is assumed, even of things belonging to the outer man, it must be assumed for this end, that something may thence be taught which may help rational knowledge. And hence the rational use of those things which we have in common with irrational animals belongs to the inner man; neither can it rightly be said that this is common to us with the irrational animals.

CAPUT PRIMUM.

1013

1. Sapientiae et scientiae officia ex Scripturis discernere aggreditur. Ex Joannis exordio alia dicta ad sapientiam, alia ad scientiam pertinere. Quaedam ibi fidei tantum auxilio cognita. Quomodo fidem quae in nobis est videmus. In eadem Joannis narratione, alia sunt corporis sensu, alia tantum animi ratione cognita. In libro superiore hujus operis duodecimo satis egimus discernere rationalis mentis officium in temporalibus rebus, ubi non sola cognitio, verum et actio nostra versatur, ab excellentiore ejusdem mentis officio, quod contemplandis aeternis rebus impenditur, ac sola cognitione finitur. Commodius autem fieri puto, ut de Scripturis sanctis aliquid interseram, quo facilius possit utrumque dignosci.

2. Evangelium suum Joannes evangelista sic exorsus est: In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum: hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt, et sine ipso factum est nihil quod factum est: in ipso vita erat, et vita erat lux hominum, et lux in tenebris lucet, et tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat Joannes: hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille lux, sed ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat lux vera quae illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum. In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quotquot autem receperunt eum, dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, iis qui credunt in nomine ejus: qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. Et verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis. Et vidimus gloriam ejus, gloriam quasi Unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiae et veritatis (Joan. I, 1-14). Hoc totum quod ex Evangelio posui, in praecedentibus suis partibus habet quod immutabile ac sempiternum est, cujus contemplatio nos beatos facit: in consequentibus vero permixta cum temporalibus commemorantur aeterna. Ac per hoc aliqua ibi ad scientiam pertinent, aliqua ad sapientiam, sicut in libro duodecimo nostra praecessit distinctio. Nam, In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum: hoc erat in principio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt, et sine ipso factum est nihil: quod factum est in ipso vita erat, et vita erat lux hominum, et lux in tenebris lucet, et tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt; contemplativam vitam requirit, et 1014 intellectuali mente cernendum est. Qua in re quanto magis quisque profecerit, tanto fiet sine dubitatione sapientior. Sed propter id quod ait, Lux lucet in tenebris, et tenebrae eam non comprehenderunt; fide utique opus erat, qua crederetur quod non videretur. Tenebras quippe intelligi voluit, aversa ab hujusmodi luce eamque minus idonea contueri corda mortalium: propter quod adjungit et dicit, Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat Joannes: hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Hoc jam temporaliter gestum est, et ad scientiam pertinet, quae cognitione historica continetur. Hominem autem Joannem in phantasia cogitamus, quae de humanae naturae notitia impressa est nostrae memoriae. Et hoc eodem modo cogitant, sive qui ista non credunt, sive qui credunt. Utrisque enim notum est quid sit homo, cujus exteriorem partem, id est, corpus per corporis lumina didicerunt: interiorem vero, id est, animam in se ipsis, quia et ipsi homines sunt, et per humanam conversationem cognitam tenent: ut possint cogitare quod dicitur, Fuit homo cui nomen erat Joannes: quia et nomina sciunt loquendo et audiendo. Quod autem ibi est, missus a Deo; fide tenent qui tenent: et qui fide non tenent, aut dubitatione ambigunt, aut infidelitate derident. Utrique tamen, si non sunt ex numero nimis insipientium, qui dicunt in corde suo, Non est Deus (Psal. XIII, 1), haec audientes verba, utrumque cogitant, et quid sit Deus, et quid sit mitti a Deo; et si non sicut res se habent, at certe sicut valent.

3. Fidem porro ipsam quam videt quisque in corde suo esse, si credit, vel non esse, si non credit, aliter novimus: non sicut corpora quae videmus oculis corporeis, et per ipsorum imagines quas memoria tenemus, etiam absentia cogitamus; nec sicut ea quae non vidimus, et ex iis quae vidimus cogitatione utcumque formamus, et memoriae commendamus, quo recurramus cum voluerimus, ut illic ea, vel potius qualescumque imagines eorum quas ibi fiximus, similiter recordatione cernamus; nec sicut hominem vivum, cujus animam etiamsi non videmus, ex nostra conjicimus, et ex motibus corporalibus hominem vivum, sicut videndo didicimus, intuemur etiam cogitando. Non sic videtur fides in corde, in quo est, ab eo cujus est: sed eam tenet certissima scientia, clamatque conscientia. Cum itaque propterea credere jubeamur, quia id quod credere jubemur, videre 1015 non possumus; ipsam tamen fidem quando inest in nobis, videmus in nobis: quia et rerum absentium praesens est fides, et rerum quae foris sunt intus est fides, et rerum quae non videntur videtur fides, et ipsa tamen temporaliter fit in cordibus hominum; et si ex fidelibus, infideles fiunt, perit ab eis. Aliquando autem et rebus falsis accommodatur fides: loquimur enim sic, ut dicamus, Habita est ei fides, et decepit. Qualis fides, si tamen et ipsa dicenda est fides, non culpabiliter de cordibus perit, quando eam inventa veritas pellit. Optabiliter autem rerum verarum in easdem res fides transit. Non enim dicendum est, Perit, quando ea, quae credebantur, videntur. Numquid enim adhuc fides dicenda est, cum definita sit in Epistola ad Hebraeos fides, dictumque sit eam esse convictionem rerum quae non videntur (Hebr. XI, 1)?

4. Deinde quod sequitur, Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum; actio, ut diximus, temporalis est. Temporaliter enim testimonium perhibetur etiam de re sempiterna, quod est intelligibile lumen. De quo ut testimonium perhiberet venit Joannes, qui non erat lux, sed ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Adjungit enim: Erat lux vera quae illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum. In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factus est, et mundus eum non cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Haec verba omnia qui latinam linguam sciunt, ex rebus intelligunt quas noverunt. Quarum aliquae nobis innotuerunt per corporis sensus, sicut homo, sicut ipse mundus, cujus tam evidentem magnitudinem cernimus, sicut eorumdem verborum soni; nam et auditus sensus est corporis: aliquae autem per animi rationem, sicut id quod dictum est, Et sui eum non receperunt: intelligitur enim, Non in eum crediderunt, quod quid sit, nullo corporis sensu, sed animi ratione cognovimus. Ipsorum etiam verborum, non sonos , sed significationes, partim per corporis sensum, partim per animi rationem didicimus. Nec ea verba nunc primum audivimus: sed quae jam audieramus; et non solum ipsa, verum etiam quae significarent, cognita memoria tenebamus, et hic agnovimus. Hoc enim nomen dissyllabum cum dicitur, mundus, quoniam sonus est, res utique corporalis per corpus innotuit, id est, per aurem: sed etiam quod significat per corpus innotuit, id est, per oculos carnis. Mundus quippe in quantum notus est, videntibus notus est. At hoc verbum quatuor syllabarum quod est, Crediderunt, sono suo, quoniam corpus est, per aurem carnis illabitur: quod autem significat, nullo corporis sensu, sed animi ratione cognoscitur. Nisi enim quid sit, Crediderunt, per animum nossemus, non intelligeremus quid non fecerint illi de quibus dictum est, Et sui eum non receperunt. Sonus ergo verbi forinsecus instrepit auribus corporis, et attingit sensum qui vocatur auditus. Species quoque hominis et in nobis ipsis nobis nota est, et forinsecus in 1016 aliis adest corporis sensibus; oculis, cum videtur; auribus, cum auditur; tactui, cum tenetur et tangitur: habet etiam in memoria nostra imaginem suam, incorporalem quidem, sed corpori similem. Mundi denique ipsius mirabilis pulchritudo forinsecus praesto est, et aspectibus nostris, et ei sensui qui dicitur tactus, si quid ejus attingimus: habet etiam ipse intus in memoria nostra imaginem suam, ad quam recurrimus, cum eum vel septi parietibus, vel etiam in tenebris cogitamus. Sed de his imaginibus rerum corporalium, incorporalibus quidem, habentibus tamen similitudines corporum, et ad vitam exterioris hominis pertinentibus, jam satis in undecimo libro locuti sumus. Nunc autem agimus de homine interiore, et ejus scientia, ea quae rerum est temporalium et mutabilium: in cujus intentionem cum assumitur aliquid, etiam de rebus ad exteriorem hominem pertinentibus, ad hoc assumendum est ut aliquid inde doceatur quod rationalem adjuvet scientiam: ac per hoc rerum quas communes cum animantibus irrationalibus habemus, rationalis usus ad interiorem hominem pertinet; nec recte dici potest cum irrationalibus animantibus eum nobis esse communem.