Chapter XXII.

But this low jester424    βωμολόχος. Celsus, omitting no species of mockery and ridicule which can be employed against us, mentions in his treatise the Dioscuri, and Hercules, and Æsculapius, and Dionysus, who are believed by the Greeks to have become gods after being men, and says that “we cannot bear to call such beings gods, because they were at first men,425    The reading in the text is καὶ πρῶτοι, for which Bohereau proposes τὸ πρῶτον, which we have adopted in the translation. and yet they manifested many noble qualifies, which were displayed for the benefit of mankind, while we assert that Jesus was seen after His death by His own followers;” and he brings against us an additional charge, as if we said that “He was seen indeed, but was only a shadow!”  Now to this we reply, that it was very artful of Celsus not here clearly to indicate that he did not regard these beings as gods, for he was afraid of the opinion of those who might peruse his treatise, and who might suppose him to be an atheist; whereas, if he had paid respect to what appeared to him to be the truth, he would not have feigned to regard them as gods.426    We have followed in the translation the emendation of Guietus, who proposes εἰ δὲ τὴν φαινομένην αὐτῷ ἀλήθειαν ἐπρέσβευσεν, οὐκ ἄν, κ.τ.λ.,, instead of the textual reading, εἴ τε τῆς φαινομένης αὐτῷ ἀληθείας ἐπρέσβενσεν, οὐκ ἄν, κ.τ.λ.  Now to either of the allegations we are ready with an answer.  Let us, accordingly, to those who do not regard them as gods reply as follows:  These beings, then, are not gods at all; but agreeably to the view of those who think that the soul of man perishes immediately (after death), the souls of these men also perished; or according to the opinion of those who say that the soul continues to subsist or is immortal, these men continue to exist or are immortal, and they are not gods but heroes,—or not even heroes, but simply souls.  If, then, on the one hand, you suppose them not to exist, we shall have to prove the doctrine of the soul’s immortality, which is to us a doctrine of pre-eminent importance;427    τὸν προηγούμενον ἡμῖν περὶ ψυχῆς κατασκευαστέον λόγον. if, on the other hand, they do exist, we have still to prove428    Bohereau conjectures, with great probability, that instead of ἀποδεκτέον, we ought to read ἀποδεικτέον. the doctrine of immortality, not only by what the Greeks have so well said regarding it, but also in a manner agreeable to the teaching of Holy Scripture.  And we shall demonstrate that it is impossible for those who were polytheists during their lives to obtain a better country and position after their departure from this world, by quoting the histories that are related of them, in which is recorded the great dissoluteness of Hercules, and his effeminate bondage with Omphale, together with the statements regarding Æsculapius, that their Zeus struck him dead by a thunderbolt.  And of the Dioscuri, it will be said that they die often—

“At one time live on alternate days, and at another

Die, and obtain honour equally with the gods.”429    Cf. Hom., Odyss., xi. 303 and 304.

How, then, can they reasonably imagine that one of these is to be regarded as a god or a hero?

Οὐδὲν δὲ εἶδος τοῦ περὶ ἡμῶν διασυρμοῦ καὶ καταγέ λωτος καταλιπὼν ὁ βωμολόχος Κέλσος ἐν τῷ καθ' ἡμῶν λόγῳ ∆ιοσκούρους καὶ Ἡρακλέα καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν καὶ ∆ιόνυσον ὀνομάζει, τοὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων πεπιστευμένους παρ' Ἕλλησι γεγονέναι θεούς, καί φησιν οὐκ ἀνέχεσθαι μὲν ἡμᾶς τούτους νομίζειν θεούς, ὅτι ἄνθρωποι ἦσαν καὶ πρῶτον, καίτοι πολλὰ ἐπιδειξαμένους καὶ γενναῖα ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων· τὸν δ' Ἰησοῦν ἀποθανόντα ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων θιασωτῶν ὦφθαί φαμεν· προσκατηγορεῖ δ' ἡμῶν καὶ ὡς λεγόντων αὐτὸν ὦφθαι, καὶ ταῦτα σκιάν. Καὶ πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ φήσομεν ὅτι δεινῶς ὁ Κέλσος οὔτε σαφῶς παρέστησε μὴ σέβειν τούτους ὡς θεούς–εὐλαβεῖτο γὰρ τὴν δόξαν τῶν ἐντευξομένων αὐτοῦ τῇ γραφῇ, ὑποληψομένων αὐτὸν ἄθεον, εἰ τὰ τῆς φαινομένης αὐτῷ ἀληθείας ἐπρέσβευεν–, οὔτ' αὖ προσε ποιήσατο καὶ αὐτὸς αὐτοὺς θεοὺς νομίζειν· πρὸς ἑκάτερον γὰρ ἂν αὐτῶν ἀπεκρινάμεθα. Φέρε οὖν πρὸς μὲν τοὺς μὴ νομίζοντας αὐτοὺς εἶναι θεοὺς ταῦτ' εἴπωμεν. Ἆρ' οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχήν εἰσιν οὗτοι, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ οἴονταί τινες περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχῆς ὡς παραχρῆμα διαφθειρομένης, διεφθάρη καὶ τούτων ἡ ψυχή· ἢ κατὰ τὴν δόξαν τῶν λεγόντων ἐπιδιαμένειν ἢ ἀθάνατον αὐτὴν εἶναι ἐπιδιαμένουσιν οὗτοι ἢ ἀθάνατοί εἰσι, καὶ θεοὶ μὲν οὐκ εἰσὶν ἥρωες δέ· ἢ οὐδὲ ἥρωες ἀλλ' ἁπαξαπλῶς ψυχαί; Εἰ μὲν οὖν οὐκ εἶναι ὑπολαμβάνετε αὐτούς, τὸν προηγούμενον ἡμῖν περὶ ψυχῆς κατασκευαστέον λόγον· εἰ δὲ εἰσί, καὶ οὕτω τὸν περὶ ἀθανασίας ἀποδεικτέον οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῶν καλῶς περὶ αὐτῆς εἰπόντων Ἑλλήνων ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἀρέσκον τοῖς θείοις μαθήμασι. Καὶ δείξομεν ὅτι οὐχ οἷόν τε τούτους πολυθέους γενομένους ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ μερίδι κρείττονι γεγονέναι μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαγήν, φέροντες τὰς περὶ αὐτῶν ἱστορίας, ἐν αἷς ἀναγέγραπται πολλὴ Ἡρακλέους ἀκολασία καὶ ἡ πρὸς τὴν Ὀμφάλην γυναικείως δουλεία, καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἀσκληπιοῦ ὡς κεραυνῷ βληθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ ∆ιὸς αὐτῶν. Λελέξεται δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν ∆ιοσκούρων, ὡς Ἄλλοτε μὲν ζώουσ' ἑτερήμεροι, ἄλλοτε δ' αὖτε τεθνᾶσιν· τιμὴν δὲ λελόγχασιν ἶσα θεοῖσιν οἱ πολλάκις ἀποθνῄσκοντες. Πῶς οὖν οἷόν τε κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον τούτων νομισθῆναί τινα θεὸν ἢ ἥρωα;