Chapter 3.—A Brief Recapitulation of All the Previous Books.

4. But since the necessities of our discussion and argument have compelled us to say a great many things in the course of fourteen books, which we cannot view at once in one glance, so as to be able to refer them quickly in thought to that which we desire to grasp, I will attempt, by the help of God, to the best of my power, to put briefly together, without arguing, whatever I have established in the several books by argument as known, and to place, as it were, under one mental view, not the way in which we have been convinced of each point, but the points themselves of which we have been convinced; in order that what follows may not be so far separated from that which precedes, as that the perusal of the former shall produce forgetfulness of the latter; or at any rate, if it have produced such forgetfulness, that what has escaped the memory may be speedily recalled by re-perusal.

5. In the first book, the unity and equality of that highest Trinity is shown from Holy Scripture. In the second, and third, and fourth, the same: but a careful handling of the question respecting the sending of the Son and of the Holy Spirit has resulted in three books; and we have demonstrated, that He who is sent is not therefore less than He who sends because the one sent, the other was sent; since the Trinity, which is in all things equal, being also equally in its own nature unchangeable, and invisible, and everywhere present, works indivisibly. In the fifth,—with a view to those who think that the substance of the Father and of the Son is therefore not the same, because they suppose everything that is predicated of God to be predicated according to substance, and therefore contend that to beget and to be begotten, or to be begotten and unbegotten, as being diverse, are diverse substances,—it is demonstrated that not everything that is predicated of God is predicated according to substance, as He is called good and great according to substance, or anything else that is predicated of Him in respect to Himself, but that some things also are predicated relatively, i.e. not in respect to Himself, but in respect to something which is not Himself; as He is called the Father in respect to the Son, or the Lord in respect to the creature that serves Him; and that here, if anything thus relatively predicated, i.e. predicated in respect to something that is not Himself, is predicated also as in time, as, e.g., “Lord, Thou hast become our refuge,”937    Ps. xc. 1 then nothing happens to Him so as to work a change in Him, but He Himself continues altogether unchangeable in His own nature or essence. In the sixth, the question how Christ is called by the mouth of the apostle “the power of God and the wisdom of God,”938    1 Cor. i. 24 is so far argued that the more careful handling of that question is deferred, viz. whether He from whom Christ is begotten is not wisdom Himself, but only the father of His own wisdom, or whether wisdom begat wisdom. But be it which it may, the equality of the Trinity became apparent in this book also, and that God was not triple, but a Trinity; and that the Father and the Son are not, as it were, a double as opposed to the single Holy Spirit: for therein three are not anything more than one. We considered, too, how to understand the words of Bishop Hilary, “Eternity in the Father, form in the Image, use in the Gift.” In the seventh, the question is explained which had been deferred: in what way that God who begat the Son is not only Father of His own power and wisdom, but is Himself also power and wisdom; so, too, the Holy Spirit; and yet that they are not three powers or three wisdoms, but one power and one wisdom, as one God and one essence. It was next inquired, in what way they are called one essence, three persons, or by some Greeks one essence, three substances; and we found that the words were so used through the needs of speech, that there might be one term by which to answer, when it is asked what the three are, whom we truly confess to be three, viz. Father, and Son, and Holy Spirit. In the eighth, it is made plain by reason also to those who understand, that not only the Father is not greater than the Son in the substance of truth, but that both together are not anything greater than the Holy Spirit alone, nor that any two at all in the same Trinity are anything greater than one, nor all three together anything greater than each severally. Next, I have pointed out, that by means of the truth, which is beheld by the understanding, and by means of the highest good, from which is all good, and by means of the righteousness for which a righteous mind is loved even by a mind not yet righteous, we might understand, so far as it is possible to understand, that not only incorporeal but also unchangeable nature which is God; and by means, too, of love, which in the Holy Scriptures is called God,939    1 John iv. 16 by which, first of all, those who have understanding begin also, however feebly, to discern the Trinity, to wit, one that loves, and that which is loved, and love. In the ninth, the argument advances as far as to the image of God, viz. man in respect to his mind; and in this we found a kind of trinity, i.e. the mind, and the knowledge whereby the mind knows itself, and the love whereby it loves both itself and its knowledge of itself; and these three are shown to be mutually equal, and of one essence. In the tenth, the same subject is more carefully and subtly handled, and is brought to this point, that we found in the mind a still more manifest trinity of the mind, viz. in memory, and understanding, and will. But since it turned out also, that the mind could never be in such a case as not to remember, understand, and love itself, although it did not always think of itself; but that when it did think of itself, it did not in the same act of thought distinguish itself from things corporeal; the argument respecting the Trinity, of which this is an image, was deferred, in order to find a trinity also in the things themselves that are seen with the body, and to exercise the reader’s attention more distinctly in that. Accordingly, in the eleventh, we chose the sense of sight, wherein that which should have been there found to hold good might be recognized also in the other four bodily senses, although not expressly mentioned; and so a trinity of the outer man first showed itself in those things which are discerned from without, to wit, from the bodily object which is seen, and from the form which is thence impressed upon the eye of the beholder, and from the purpose of the will combining the two. But these three things, as was patent, were not mutually equal and of one substance. Next, we found yet another trinity in the mind itself, introduced into it, as it were, by the things perceived from without; wherein the same three things, as it appeared, were of one substance: the image of the bodily object which is in the memory, and the form thence impressed when the mind’s eye of the thinker is turned to it, and the purpose of the will combining the two. But we found this trinity to pertain to the outer man, on this account, that it was introduced into the mind from bodily objects which are perceived from without. In the twelfth, we thought good to distinguish wisdom from knowledge, and to seek first, as being the lower of the two, a kind of appropriate and special trinity in that which is specially called knowledge; but that although we have got now in this to something pertaining to the inner man, yet it is not yet to be either called or thought an image of God. And this is discussed in the thirteenth book by the commendation of Christian faith. In the fourteenth we discuss the true wisdom of man, viz. that which is granted him by God’s gift in the partaking of that very God Himself, which is distinct from knowledge; and the discussion reached this point, that a trinity is discovered in the image of God, which is man in respect to his mind, which mind is “renewed in the knowledge” of God, “after the image of Him that created” man;940    Col. iii. 10 “after His own image;”941    Gen. i. 27 and so obtains wisdom, wherein is the contemplation of things eternal.

CAPUT III.

4. Omnium superiorum librorum breviarium.1059 Sed quoniam disserendi et ratiocinandi necessitas per quatuordecim libros multa nos dicere compulit, quae cuncta simul aspicere non valemus, ut ad id quod apprehendere volumus, ea celeri cogitatione referamus; faciam quantum Domino adjuvante potuero, ut quidquid in singulis voluminibus ad cognitionem disputatione perduxi, remota disputatione breviter congeram, et tanquam sub uno mentis aspectu, non quemadmodum res quaeque persuasit, sed ipsa quae persuasa sunt ponam: ne tam longe sint a praecedentibus consequentia, ut oblivionem praecedentium faciat inspectio consequentium; aut certe si fecerit, cito possit quod exciderit relegendo recolligi.

5. In primo libro secundum Scripturas sacras unitas et aequalitas summae illius Trinitatis ostenditur. In secundo et tertio et quarto, eadem: sed de Filii missione et Spiritus sancti diligenter quaestio pertractata tres libros fecit; demonstratumque est non ideo minorem mittente qui missus est, quia ille misit, hic missus est, cum Trinitas quae per omnia aequalis est, pariter quoque in sua natura immutabilis et invisibilis et ubique praesens inseparabiliter operetur. In quinto, propter eos quibus ideo videtur non eamdem Patris et Filii esse substantiam, quia omne quod de Deo dicitur, secundum substantiam dici putant, et propterea gignere et gigni, vel genitum esse et ingenitum, quoniam diversa sunt, contendunt substantias esse diversas, demonstratur non omne quod de Deo dicitur secundum substantiam dici, sicut secundum substantiam dicitur bonus et magnus, et si quid aliud ad se dicitur; sed dici etiam relative, id est non ad se, sed ad aliquid quod ipse non est; sicut Pater ad Filium dicitur, vel Dominus ad creaturam sibi servientem: ubi si quid relative, id est ad aliquid quod ipse non est, etiam ex tempore dicitur, sicuti est, Domine, refugium factus es nobis (Psal. LXXXIX, 1), nihil ei accidere quo mutetur, sed omnino ipsum in natura vel essentia sua immutabilem permanere. In sexto, quomodo dictus sit Christus ore apostolico, Dei virtus et Dei sapientia (I Cor. I, 24), sic disputatur, ut differatur eadem quaestio diligentius retractanda: utrum a quo est genitus Christus, non sit ipse sapientia , sed tantum sapientiae suae pater, an sapientia sapientiam genuerit. Sed quodlibet horum esset, etiam in hoc libro apparuit Trinitatis aequalitas, et non Deus triplex, sed Trinitas: nec quasi aliquid duplum esse Patrem et Filium ad simplum Spiritum sanctum; ubi nec tria plus aliquid sunt quam unum horum. Disputatum est etiam quomodo possit intelligi quod ait Hilarius episcopus : Aeternitas in Patre, species in Imagine, usus in Munere. In septimo, quaestio quae dilata fuerat, explicatur, ita ut Deus qui genuit Filium, non solum sit Pater virtutis et sapientiae suae, sed etiam ipse virtus atque sapientia; sic et Spiritus sanctus: nec tamen simul tres sint virtutes aut tres sapientiae, sed una virtus et una sapientia, sicut unus Deus et una essentia. Deinde quaesitum est, quomodo dicantur una 1060 essentia, tres personae, vel a quibusdam Graecis una essentia, tres substantiae: et inventum est elocutionis necessitate dici, ut aliquo uno nomine enuntiarentur, cum quaeritur quid tres sint, quos tres esse veraciter confitemur, Patrem scilicet, et Filium, et Spiritum sanctum. In octavo, ratione etiam reddita intelligentibus clarum est, in substantia veritatis non solum Patrem Filio non esse majorem, sed nec ambos simul aliquid majus esse quam solum Spiritum sanctum, aut quoslibet duos in eadem Trinitate majus esse aliquid quam unum, aut omnes simul tres majus aliquid esse quam singulos. Deinde per veritatem quae intellecta conspicitur, et per bonum summum a quo est omne bonum, et per justitiam propter quam diligitur animus justus ab animo etiam nondum justo, ut natura non solum incorporalis, verum etiam incommutabilis quod est Deus, quantum fieri potest, intelligeretur admonui: et per charitatem, quae in Scripturis sanctis Deus dicta est (I Joan. IV, 16), per quam coepit utcumque etiam Trinitas intelligentibus apparere, sicut sunt amans, et quod amatur, et amor. In nono, ad imaginem Dei, quod est homo secundum mentem, pervenit disputatio: et in ea quaedam trinitas invenitur, id est, mens, et notitia qua se novit, et amor quo se notitiamque suam diligit; et haec tria aequalia inter se, et unius ostenduntur esse essentiae. In decimo hoc idem diligentius subtiliusque tractatum est, atque ad id perductum, ut inveniretur in mente evidentior trinitas ejus, in memoria scilicet et intelligentia et voluntate. Sed quoniam et hoc compertum est, quod mens nunquam esse ita potuerit, ut non sui meminisset, non se intelligeret, et diligeret, quamvis non semper se cogitaret, cum autem cogitaret, non se a corporalibus rebus eadem cogitatione discerneret; dilata est de Trinitate, cujus haec imago est, disputatio, ut in ipsis etiam corporalibus visis inveniretur trinitas, et distinctius in ea lectoris exerceretur intentio. In undecimo ergo electus est sensus oculorum, in quo id quod inventum esset, etiam in caeteris quatuor sensibus corporis et non dictum posset agnosci: atque ita exterioris hominis trinitas, primo in iis quae cernuntur extrinsecus, ex corpore scilicet quod videtur, et forma quae inde in acie cernentis imprimitur, et utrumque copulantis intentione voluntatis, apparuit. Sed haec tria non inter se aequalia, nec unius esse substantiae claruerunt. Deinde in ipso animo, ab iis quae extrinsecus sensa sunt velut introducta inventa est altera trinitas, ubi apparerent eadem tria unius esse substantiae, imaginatio corporis quae in memoria est, et inde informatio cum ad eam convertitur acies cogitantis, et utrumque conjungens intentio voluntatis. Sed ideo ista trinitas ad exteriorem hominem reperta est pertinere, quia de corporibus illata est quae sentiuntur extrinsecus. In duodecimo discernenda visa est sapientia ab scientia, et in ea quae proprie scientia nuncupatur, quia inferior est, prius quaedam sui generis trinitas inquirenda: quae licet ad interiorem hominem jam pertineat, nondum tamen imago Dei vel 1061 appellanda sit vel putanda. Et hoc agitur in tertio decimo libro per commendationem fidei christianae. In quarto decimo autem de sapientia hominis vera, id est, Dei munere in ejus ipsius Dei participatione donata, quae ab scientia distincta est, disputatur: et eo pervenit disputatio, ut trinitas appareat in imagine Dei, quod est homo secundum mentem, quae renovatur in agnitione Dei secundum imaginem ejus qui creavit hominem (Coloss. III, 10) ad imaginem suam (Gen. I, 27), et sic percipit sapientiam ubi contemplatio est aeternorum.