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when they insisted, so that he would no longer have troubles, was a homebody, a friend who sat by the treasury. But seeing that he was helping in no way whatsoever where his wisdom was going, he revealed himself; “In one way,” he said, “these things, O youths, are said by us in our discussions, but in another way we live.”“ 14.7.14 This much about Lacydes. Of him there were many hearers, one of whom was the distinguished Aristippus of Cyrene. Out of all his pu14.7.15pils Evander and those after him succeeded to his school. After them Carneades, taking over the school, established the third Academy. He then used the same method of argument as Arcesilaus; for he himself also prac ticed arguing on both sides and refuted all the statements made by others; but only in the argument concerning suspension of judgment did he differ from him, saying that it was impossible for a human being to suspend judgment about all things; and that there was a difference between the obscure and the incomprehensible, and that all things are incomprehensible, but not all are obscure. This man also took part in the Stoic arguments, against which he also contended eristically and was greatly strengthened, aiming at what seemed plausible to the many, but not at the truth; for which reason he also caused much displeasure to the Stoics. Numenius also writes the following about him:

14.8.1 8. CONCERNING CARNEADES WHO ESTABLISHED THE THIRD ACADEMY

“But Carneades, succeeding Hegesinus, though he ought to have preserved what was unshaken and what had been shaken, neglected this, and referring back to Arcesilaus, whether things were better or worse, after a long time he renewed the battle.” 14.8.2 And he continues: “This man too brought forward and carried away contradictions and subtle twists, contributing to the battle by varying them, being both negative and affirmative, and contentious from both sides; and if ever there was need of arguments containing some wonder, he would rise up impetuously, like a rushing river, flowing violently, filling everything here and there, and he would fall upon and sweep away the hearers with a roar. 14.8.3 Therefore, while leading others astray, he himself remained undeceived, which was not the case with Arcesilaus. For that man, going around with his enchantment, unwittingly deceived himself first, not perceiving it, and was persuaded that what he said was true 14.8.4 through the complete abolition of all things. And it would have been an evil piled upon an evil, Carneades upon Arcesilaus, had he not conceded some small thing, by which they were not going to be inactive, according to the positive and negative impressions, derived from probability, as he said, of this being an animal or not 14.8.5 being an animal. So, having conceded this, just as retreating beasts hurl themselves more violently and more fiercely upon the spears, so he himself, having given way, attacked more powerfully; and when he might stand his ground and succeed, then indeed he willingly neglected and did not remember that which he had previously resolved. 14.8.6 For admitting that both the true and the false are in things, as if cooperating with the inquiry in the manner of a clever wrestler, he gave a hold and so prevailed. For having granted both according to the inclination of the probable, he said that neither was firmly apprehended. He was then 14.8.7 a more clever robber and sorcerer. For having taken a falsehood similar to the truth, and something comprehensible similar to a comprehensive impression, and having brought them to equal terms, he did not allow either to be true or false, or one not more than the other 14.8.8 or more so from the probable. It was then dreams instead of dreams, because false impressions are similar to true ones, as a wax egg 14.8.9 to a real egg. Therefore the evils were also more numerous. And yet Carneades, in speaking, charmed and enslaved. And he was

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ἰσχυριζομένων, ἵνα μηκέτι πράγματα ἔχοι, οἰκουρὸς ἦν φίλος τοῦ ταμείου προσκαθήμενος. οὐδὲν δὲ εἰς οὐδὲν ὠφελῶν ὑπιδόμενος οἷ τὸ σοφὸν αὐτῷ ἔρχεται, ἀπεκαλύψατο· «Ἄλλως,» ἔφη, «ταῦτα, ὦ παῖδες, ἐν ταῖς διατριβαῖς λέγεται ἡμῖν, ἄλλως δὲ ζῶμεν.»« 14.7.14 Ταῦτα μὲν καὶ περὶ τοῦ Λακύδου. τούτου δὲ γίνονται ἀκουσταὶ πολλοί, ὧν εἷς ἦν διαφανὴς ὁ Κυρηναῖος Ἀρίστιππος. ἐκ πάντων δ' αὐτοῦ τῶν γνω14.7.15 ρίμων τὴν σχολὴν αὐτοῦ διεδέξατο Εὔανδρος καὶ οἱ μετὰ τοῦτον. μεθ' οὓς Καρνεάδης ὑποδεξάμενος τὴν διατριβὴν τρίτην συνεστήσατο Ἀκαδημίαν. λόγων μὲν οὖν ἀγωγῇ ἐχρήσατο ᾗ καὶ ὁ Ἀρκεσίλαος· καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἐπετή δευε τὴν εἰς ἑκάτερα ἐπιχείρησιν καὶ πάντα ἀνεσκεύαζε τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα· μόνῳ δ' ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς ἐποχῆς λόγῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν διέστη, φὰς ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἄνθρωπον ὄντα περὶ ἁπάντων ἐπέχειν· διαφορὰν δὲ εἶναι ἀδήλου καὶ ἀκαταλήπτου καὶ πάντα μὲν εἶναι ἀκατάληπτα, οὐ πάντα δὲ ἄδηλα. μετεῖχε δὲ οὗτος καὶ τῶν Στωϊκῶν λόγων, πρὸς οὓς καὶ ἐριστικῶς ἱστάμενος ἐπὶ πλέον ηὐξήθη, τοῦ φαινομένου τοῖς πολλοῖς πιθανοῦ, ἀλλ' οὐ τῆς ἀληθείας στοχαζόμενος· ὅθεν καὶ πολλὴν παρέσχε τοῖς Στωϊκοῖς ἀηδίαν. γράφει δ' οὖν καὶ ὁ Νουμήνιος περὶ αὐτοῦ ταῦτα·

14.8.1 ηʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΚΑΡΝΕΑ∆ΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΤΗΝ ΤΡΙΤΗΝ ΑΚΑ∆ΗΜΙΑΝ ΥΠΟΣΤΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ

«Καρνεάδης δὲ ἐκδεξάμενος παρ' Ἡγησίνου, χρεὼν φυλάξαι ὅσα ἀκίνητα καὶ ὅσα κεκινημένα ἦν, τούτου μὲν ἠμέλει, εἰς δ' Ἀρκεσίλαον, εἴτ' οὖν ἀμείνω εἴτε καὶ φαυλότερα ἦν, ἐπανενεγκὼν διὰ μακροῦ τὴν μάχην ἀνενέαζε.» 14.8.2 Καὶ ἑξῆς ἐπιλέγει· «Ἦγε δ' οὖν καὶ οὗτος καὶ ἀπέφερεν ἀντιλογίας τε καὶ στροφὰς λεπτολόγους συνέφερε τῇ μάχῃ ποικίλλων ἐξαρνητικός τε καὶ καταφατικός τε ἦν κἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀντιλογικός· εἴ τε που ἔδει τι καὶ θαῦμα ἐχόντων λόγων, ἐξηγεί ρετο λάβρος οἷον ποταμὸς ῥοώδης, σφοδρῶς ῥέων, πάντα καταπιμπλὰς τὰ τῇδε καὶ τἀκεῖθι, καὶ εἰσέπιπτε καὶ συνέσυρε τοὺς ἀκούοντας διὰ θορύβου. 14.8.3 τοιγαροῦν ἀπάγων τοὺς ἄλλους αὐτὸς ἔμενεν ἀνεξαπάτητος, ὃ μὴ προσῆν τῷ Ἀρκεσιλάῳ. ἐκεῖνος μέν γε περιερχόμενος τῇ φαρμάξει τοὺς συγκορυβαντιῶντας ἔλαθεν ἑαυτὸν πρῶτον ἐξηπατηκὼς μὴ ᾐσθῆσθαι, πεπεῖσθαι δ' ἀληθῆ 14.8.4 εἶναι, ἃ λέγει, διὰ τῆς ἁπαξαπάντων ἀναιρέσεως χρημάτων. κακὸν δὲ ἦν ἂν κακῷ ἐπανακείμενον, ὁ Καρνεάδης τῷ Ἀρκεσιλάῳ, μὴ χαλάσας τι σμικρόν, ὑφ' οὗ οὐκ ἄπρακτοι ἔμελλον ἔσεσθαι, κατὰ τὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ πιθανοῦ λεγομένας αὐτῷ θετικάς τε καὶ ἀρνητικὰς φαντασίας τοῦ εἶναι τόδε τι ζῷον ἢ μὴ 14.8.5 ζῷον εἶναι. τοῦτο οὖν ὑπανείς, ὥσπερ οἱ ἀναχάζοντες θῆρες βιαιότερον καὶ μᾶλλον ἑαυτοὺς ἱεῖσιν εἰς τὰς αἰχμὰς καὐτὸς ἐνδοὺς δυνατώτερον ἐπῆλθεν· ἐπεί τε ὑποσταίη τε καὶ εὖ τύχοι, τηνικαῦτα ἤδη καὶ οὗ προὐδέδοκτο 14.8.6 ἑκὼν ἠμέλει καὶ οὐκ ἐμέμνητο. τὸ γὰρ ἀληθές τε καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος ἐν τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐνεῖναι συγχωρῶν, ὥσπερ ξυνεργαζόμενος τῆς ζητήσεως τρόπῳ παλαιστοῦ δεινοῦ λαβὴν δοὺς περιεγίγνετο ἔνθεν. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ πιθανοῦ ῥοπὴν ἑκάτερον παρασχὼν οὐδέτερον εἶπε βεβαίως καταλαμβάνεσθαι. ἦν γοῦν 14.8.7 λῃστὴς καὶ γόης σοφώτερος. παραλαβὼν γὰρ ἀληθεῖ μὲν ὅμοιον ψεῦδος, καταληπτικῇ δὲ φαντασίᾳ καταληπτὸν ὅμοιον καὶ ἀγαγὼν εἰς τὰς ἴσας, οὐκ εἴασεν οὔτε τὸ ἀληθὲς εἶναι οὔτε τὸ ψεῦδος, ἢ οὐ μᾶλλον τὸ ἕτερον τοῦ 14.8.8 ἑτέρου ἢ μᾶλλον ἀπὸ τοῦ πιθανοῦ. ἦν οὖν ὀνείρατα ἀντὶ ὀνειράτων, διὰ τὸ ὁμοίας φαντασίας ἀληθέσιν εἶναι τὰς ψευδεῖς, ὡς ἀπὸ ᾠοῦ κηρίνου 14.8.9 πρὸς τὸ ἀληθινὸν ᾠόν. συνέβαινεν οὖν τὰ κακὰ καὶ πλείω. καὶ μέντοι λέγων ὁ Καρνεάδης ἐψυχαγώγει καὶ ἠνδραποδίσατο. ἦν δὲ