Chapter XXV.

But if you depreciate the littleness of man, not on account of his body, but of his soul, regarding it as inferior to that of other rational beings, and especially of those who are virtuous; and inferior, because evil dwells in it,—why should those among Christians who are wicked, and those among the Jews who lead sinful lives, be termed a collection of bats, or ants, or worms, or frogs, rather than those individuals among other nations who are guilty of wickedness?—seeing, in this respect, any individual whatever, especially if carried away by the tide of evil, is, in comparison with the rest of mankind, a bat, and worm, and frog, and ant.  And although a man may be an orator like Demosthenes, yet, if stained with wickedness like his,707    The allusion may possibly be to his flight from the field of Chæronea, or to his avarice, or to the alleged impurity of his life, which is referred to by Plutarch in his Lives of the Ten Orators.—Spencer. and guilty of deeds proceeding, like his, from a wicked nature; or an Antiphon, who was also considered to be indeed an orator, yet who annihilated the doctrine of providence in his writings, which were entitled Concerning Truth, like that discourse of Celsus,—such individuals are notwithstanding worms, rolling in a corner of the dung-heap of stupidity and ignorance.  Indeed, whatever be the nature of the rational faculty, it could not reasonably be compared to a worm, because it possesses capabilities of virtue.708    ἀφορμὰς ἔχον πρὸς ἀρετήν.  For these adumbrations709    ὑποτυπώσεις. towards virtue do not allow of those who possess the power of acquiring it, and who are incapable of wholly losing its seeds, to be likened to a worm.  It appears, therefore, that neither can men in general be deemed worms in comparison with God.  For reason, having its beginning in the reason of God, cannot allow of the rational animal being considered wholly alien from Deity.  Nor can those among Christians and Jews who are wicked, and who, in truth, are neither Christians nor Jews, be compared, more than other wicked men, to worms rolling in a corner of a dunghill.  And if the nature of reason will not permit of such comparisons, it is manifest that we must not calumniate human nature, which has been formed for virtue, even if it should sin through ignorance, nor liken it to animals of the kind described.

Εἰ δὲ τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μικρότητα οὐ διὰ τὸ σῶμα ἐξευτελίζετε ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ψυχήν, ὡς οὖσαν ὑποδεεστέραν τῶν λοιπῶν λογικῶν καὶ μάλιστα σπουδαίων καὶ διὰ τοῦθ' ὑποδεεστέραν, ἐπείπερ ἡ κακία ἐστὶν ἐν αὐτῇ, τί μᾶλλον οἱ ἐν Χριστιανοῖς φαῦλοι καὶ οἱ ἐν Ἰουδαίοις κακῶς βιοῦντες ὁρμαθός εἰσι νυκτερίδων ἢ μύρμηκες ἢ σκώληκες ἢ βάτραχοι, ἢ οἱ ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσι μοχθηροί; Ὡς κατὰ τοῦτο πάνθ' ὁντιναοῦν, μάλιστα κεχυμένῃ τῇ κακίᾳ χρώμενον, νυκτερίδα καὶ σκώληκα καὶ βάτραχον καὶ μύρμηκα εἶναι ὡς πρὸς τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀνθρώπους. Κἂν ∆ημοσθένης τις οὖν ὁ ῥήτωρ ᾖ μετὰ τῆς παραπλησίας ἐκείνῳ κακίας καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ κακίας αὐτῷ πεπραγμένων, κἂν Ἀντιφῶν ἄλλος ῥήτωρ νομιζόμενος εἶναι, καὶ τὴν πρόνοιαν ἀναιρῶν ἐν τοῖς ἐπιγεγραμμένοις περὶ ἀληθείας παραπλησίως τῇ Κέλσου ἐπιγραφῇ· οὐδὲν ἧττόν εἰσιν οὗτοι σκώληκες ἐν βορβόρου γωνίᾳ τοῦ τῆς ἀμαθίας καὶ ἀγνοίας καλινδούμενοι. Καίτοι γε ὁποῖον δὴ τὸ λογικὸν οὐκ ἂν εὐλόγως σκώληκι παραβάλ λοιτο, ἀφορμὰς ἔχον πρὸς ἀρετήν. Αὗται γὰρ αἱ πρὸς αὐτὴν ὑποτυπώσεις οὐκ ἐῶσι σκώληκι παραβάλλεσθαι τοὺς δυνάμει ἔχοντας τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ τὰ σπέρματα αὐτῆς πάντῃ ἀπολέσαι οὐ δυναμένους. Οὐκοῦν ἀναφαίνεται ὅτι οὔθ' οἱ ἄνθρωποι καθόλου σκώληκες ἂν εἶεν ὡς πρὸς θεόν· ὁ γὰρ λόγος τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχων ἀπὸ τοῦ παρὰ θεῷ λόγου οὐκ ἐᾷ τὸ λογικὸν ζῷον πάντῃ ἀλλότριον νομισθῆναι θεοῦ· οὔτε μᾶλλον οἱ ἐν Χριστιανοῖς καὶ Ἰουδαίοις φαῦλοι καὶ ὡς πρὸς τὸ ἀληθὲς οὐ Χριστιανοὶ οὐδὲ Ἰουδαῖοι, τῶν λοιπῶν φαύλων παραβάλλοιντο ἐν γωνίᾳ βορβόρου καλινδουμένοις σκώληξιν. Εἰ δ' ἡ τοῦ λόγου φύσις οὐδὲ τοῦτο παραδέξασθαι ἐπιτρέπει, δηλονότι οὐχ ὑβρίσομεν τὴν πρὸς ἀρετὴν κατεσ κευασμένην ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν, κἂν δι' ἄγνοιαν ἐξαμαρτάνῃ, οὐδ' ἐξομοιώσομεν αὐτὴν τοῖς τοιοῖσδε ζῴοις.