Chapter XXXVI.

Celsus in the next place, producing from history other than that of the divine record, those passages which bear upon the claims to great antiquity put forth by many nations, as the Athenians, and Egyptians, and Arcadians, and Phrygians, who assert that certain individuals have existed among them who sprang from the earth, and who each adduce proofs of these assertions, says:  “The Jews, then, leading a grovelling life769    συγκύψαντες. in some corner of Palestine, and being a wholly uneducated people, who had not heard that these matters had been committed to verse long ago by Hesiod and innumerable other inspired men, wove together some most incredible and insipid stories,770    ἀμουσότατα. viz., that a certain man was formed by the hands of God, and had breathed into him the breath of life, and that a woman was taken from his side, and that God issued certain commands, and that a serpent opposed these, and gained a victory over the commandments of God; thus relating certain old wives’ fables, and most impiously representing God as weak at the very beginning (of things), and unable to convince even a single human being whom He Himself had formed.”  By these instances, indeed, this deeply read and learned Celsus, who accuses Jews and Christians of ignorance and want of instruction, clearly evinces the accuracy of his knowledge of the chronology of the respective historians, whether Greek or Barbarian, since he imagines that Hesiod and the “innumerable” others, whom he styles “inspired” men, are older than Moses and his writings—that very Moses who is shown to be much older than the time of the Trojan war!  It is not the Jews, then, who have composed incredible and insipid stories regarding the birth of man from the earth, but these “inspired” men of Celsus, Hesiod and his other “innumerable” companions, who, having neither learned nor heard of the far older and most venerable accounts existing in Palestine, have written such histories as their Theogonies, attributing, so far as in their power, “generation” to their deities, and innumerable other absurdities.  And these are the writers whom Plato expels from his “State” as being corrupters of the youth,771    Cf. Plato, de Repub., book ii. etc.—Homer, viz., and those who have composed poems of a similar description!  Now it is evident that Plato did not regard as “inspired” those men who had left behind them such works.  But perhaps it was from a desire to cast reproach upon us, that this Epicurean Celsus, who is better able to judge than Plato (if it be the same Celsus who composed two other books against the Christians), called those individuals “inspired” whom he did not in reality regard as such.

Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Κέλσος ἐκτιθέμενος τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἔξω τοῦ θείου λόγου ἱστορίας, τὰ περὶ τῶν ἐπιδικασαμένων ἀνθρώπων τῆς ἀρχαιότητος, οἷον Ἀθηναίων καὶ Αἰγυπτίων καὶ Ἀρκάδων καὶ Φρυγῶν, καὶ γηγενεῖς τινας παρὰ σφίσιν γεγονέναι λεγόντων καὶ τεκμήρια τούτων παρεχομένων ἑκάστων, φησὶν ὡς ἄρα Ἰουδαῖοι ἐν γωνίᾳ που τῆς Παλαισ τίνης συγκύψαντες, παντελῶς ἀπαίδευτοι καὶ οὐ προακη κοότες πάλαι ταῦτα Ἡσιόδῳ καὶ ἄλλοις μυρίοις ἀνδράσιν ἐνθέοις ὑμνημένα, συνέθεσαν ἀπιθανώτατα καὶ ἀμουσότατα, ἄνθρωπόν τινα ὑπὸ χειρῶν θεοῦ πλασσόμενόν τε καὶ ἐμφυ σώμενον καὶ γύναιον ἐκ τῆς πλευρᾶς καὶ παραγγέλματα τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ὄφιν τούτοις ἀντιπράσσοντα καὶ περιγινόμενον τῶν θεοῦ προσταγμάτων τὸν ὄφιν, μῦθόν τινα ὡς γραυσὶ διηγούμενοι καὶ ποιοῦντες ἀνοσιώτατα τὸν θεόν, εὐθὺς ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ἀσθενοῦντα καὶ μηδ' ἕν' ἄνθρωπον, ὃν αὐτὸς ἔπλασε, πεῖσαι δυνάμενον. ∆ιὰ τούτων δὴ ὁ πολυΐστωρ καὶ πολυμαθὴς καὶ Ἰουδαίοις καὶ Χριστιανοῖς ἀμαθίαν ἐγκαλῶν καὶ ἀπαι δευσίαν Κέλσος σαφῶς παρίστησι, τίνα τρόπον ἀκριβῶς ᾔδει τοὺς ἑκάστου συγγραφέως χρόνους, ἕλληνος καὶ βαρβάρου· ὅς γε οἴεται Ἡσίοδον καὶ ἄλλους μυρίους, οὓς ὀνομάζει ἄνδρας ἐνθέους, πρεσβυτέρους εἶναι Μωϋσέως καὶ τῶν τούτου γραμμάτων, Μωϋσέως, τοῦ ἀποδεικνυμένου πολλῷ τῶν Ἰλιακῶν πρεσβυτέρου. Οὐκ Ἰουδαῖοι οὖν συνέθεσαν ἀπιθανώτατα καὶ ἀμουσότατα τὰ περὶ τὸν γηγενῆ ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλ' οἱ κατὰ Κέλσον ἄνδρες ἔνθεοι, Ἡσίοδος καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι αὐτοῦ μυρίοι, τοὺς πολλῷ πρεσβυτέρους καὶ σεμνοτάτους ἐν τῇ Παλαιστίνῃ λόγους μήτε μαθόντες μήτ' ἀκηκοότες, τοιαύτας ἔγραψαν ἱστορίας περὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων, Ἠοίας καὶ Θεογονίας, γένεσιν τὸ ὅσον ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς περιτιθέντες θεοῖς, καὶ ἄλλα μυρία. Εὐλόγως [οὖν] ἐκβάλλει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πολιτείας Πλάτων ὡς ἐπιτρίβοντας τοὺς νέους τὸν Ὅμηρον καὶ τοὺς τοιαῦτα γράφοντας ποιήματα. Ἀλλὰ Πλάτων μὲν δῆλός ἐστι μὴ φρονήσας ἐνθέους γεγονέναι ἄνδρας τοὺς τοιαῦτα ποιήματα καταλελοιπότας· ὁ δὲ κρίνειν μᾶλλον Πλάτωνος δυνάμενος, ὁ ἐπικούρειος Κέλσος, εἴ γε οὗτός ἐστι καὶ ὁ κατὰ Χριστιανῶν ἄλλα δύο βιβλία συντάξας, τάχα ἡμῖν φιλονεικῶν οὓς μὴ ἐφρόνει ἐνθέους ἐνθέους ὠνόμασεν.