Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

But as Celsus makes a jest also of the serpent, as counteracting the injunctions given by God to the man, taking the narrative to be an old wife’s fable,786 “μῦθόν τινα” παραπλήσιον τοῖς παραδιδομένοις ταῖς γραυσίν. and has purposely neither mentioned the paradise787 παράδεισος. of God, nor stated that God is said to have planted it in Eden towards the east, and that there afterwards sprang up from the earth every tree that was beautiful to the sight, and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of the paradise, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and the other statements which follow, which might of themselves lead a candid reader to see that all these things had not inappropriately an allegorical meaning, let us contrast with this the words of Socrates regarding Eros in the Symposium of Plato, and which are put in the mouth of Socrates as being more appropriate than what was said regarding him by all the others at the Symposium. The words of Plato are as follow: “When Aphrodite was born, the gods held a banquet, and there was present, along with the others, Porus the son of Metis. And after they had dined, Penia788 Penia, poverty; Porus, abundance. came to beg for something (seeing there was an entertainment), and she stood at the gate. Porus meantime, having become intoxicated with the nectar (for there was then no wine), went into the garden of Zeus, and, being heavy with liquor, lay down to sleep. Penia accordingly formed a secret plot, with a view of freeing herself from her condition of poverty,789 διὰ τὴν αὑτῆς ἀπορίαν. to get a child by Porus, and accordingly lay down beside him, and became pregnant with Eros. And on this account Eros has become the follower and attendant of Aphrodite, having been begotten on her birthday feast,790 ἐν τοῖς ἐκείνης γενεθλίοις. and being at the same time by nature a lover of the beautiful, because Aphrodite too is beautiful. Seeing, then, that Eros is the son of Porus and Penia, the following is his condition.791 ἐν τοιαῦτῃ τύχῃ καθέστηκε. In the first place, he is always poor, and far from being delicate and beautiful, as most persons imagine; but is withered, and sunburnt,792 σκληρὸς καὶ αὐχμηρός. and unshod, and without a home, sleeping always upon the ground, and without a covering; lying in the open air beside gates, and on public roads; possessing the nature of his mother, and dwelling continually with indigence.793 ἐνδείᾳ. But, on the other hand, in conformity with the character of his father, he is given to plotting against the beautiful and the good, being courageous, and hasty, and vehement;794 σύντονος. a keen795 δεινός. hunter, perpetually devising contrivances; both much given to forethought, and also fertile in resources;796 καὶ φρονήσεως ἐπιθυμητὴς καὶ πόριμος. acting like a philosopher throughout the whole of his life; a terrible797 δεινὸς γόης. sorcerer, and dealer in drugs, and a sophist as well; neither immortal by nature nor yet mortal, but on the same day, at one time he flourishes and lives when he has plenty, and again at another time dies, and once more is recalled to life through possessing the nature of his father. But the supplies furnished to him are always gradually disappearing, so that he is never at any time in want, nor yet rich; and, on the other hand, he occupies an intermediate position between wisdom and ignorance.”798 [Plato, Symposion, xxiii. p. 203. S.] Now, if those who read these words were to imitate the malignity of Celsus—which be it far from Christians to do!—they would ridicule the myth, and would turn this great Plato into a subject of jest; but if, on investigating in a philosophic spirit what is conveyed in the dress of a myth, they should be able to discover the meaning of Plato, (they will admire)799 Boherellus, quem Ruæus sequitur, in notis; “Ante voces: τίνα τρόπον, videtur deesse: θαυμάσονται, aut quid simile.”—Lommatzsch. the manner in which he was able to conceal, on account of the multitude, in the form of this myth, the great ideas which presented themselves to him, and to speak in a befitting manner to those who know how to ascertain from the myths the true meaning of him who wove them together. Now I have brought forward this myth occurring in the writings of Plato, because of the mention in it of the garden of Zeus, which appears to bear some resemblance to the paradise of God, and of the comparison between Penia and the serpent, and the plot against Porus by Penia, which may be compared with the plot of the serpent against the man. It is not very clear, indeed, whether Plato fell in with these stories by chance, or whether, as some think, meeting during his visit to Egypt with certain individuals who philosophized on the Jewish mysteries, and learning some things from them, he may have preserved a few of their ideas, and thrown others aside, being careful not to offend the Greeks by a complete adoption of all the points of the philosophy of the Jews, who were in bad repute with the multitude, on account of the foreign character of their laws and their peculiar polity. The present, however, is not the proper time for explaining either the myth of Plato, or the story of the serpent and the paradise of God, and all that is related to have taken place in it, as in our exposition of the book of Genesis we have especially occupied ourselves as we best could with these matters.

Ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν ὄφιν ὡς ἀντιπράσσοντα τοῖς τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον παραγγέλμασιν ὁ Κέλσος κωμῳδεῖ, μῦθόν τινα παραπλήσιον τοῖς παραδιδομένοις ταῖς γραυσὶν ὑπολαβὼν εἶναι τὸν λόγον, καὶ ἑκὼν οὔτε τὸν θεοῦ "παράδεισον" ὠνόμασεν οὐδ' ὡς πεφυτευκέναι λέγεται "ὁ θεὸς" "ἐν Ἐδὲμ κατ' ἀνατολὰς" καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐξανατεταλκέναι "ἐκ τῆς γῆς πᾶν ξύλον ὡραῖον εἰς ὅρασιν καὶ καλὸν εἰς βρῶσιν καὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς ἐν μέσῳ τῷ παραδείσῳ καὶ τὸ γνωστὸν καλοῦ καὶ πονηροῦ ξύλον" καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τούτοις εἰρημένα, δυνάμενα αὐτόθεν κινῆσαι τὸν εὐμενῶς ἐντυγχάνοντα, ὅτι πάντα ταῦτα οὐκ ἀσέμνως τροπο λογεῖται· φέρε ἀντιπαραθῶμεν ἐκ τοῦ Συμποσίου Πλάτω νος τὰ εἰρημένα περὶ τοῦ Ἔρωτος τῷ Σωκράτει καὶ ὡς σεμνοτέρῳ πάντων τῶν ἐν τῷ Συμποσίῳ εἰπόντων περὶ αὐτοῦ τῷ Σωκράτει περιτεθέντα. Οὕτω δ' ἔχει ἡ Πλάτωνος λέξις· "Ὅτ' ἐγένετο ἡ Ἀφροδίτη, εἱστιῶντο οἱ θεοί, οἵ τε ἄλλοι καὶ ὁ τῆς Μήτιδος υἱὸς Πόρος. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐδεί πνησαν, προσαιτήσουσα οἷον δὴ εὐωχίας οὔσης ἀφίκετο ἡ Πενία καὶ ἦν περὶ τὰς θύρας. Ὁ οὖν Πόρος μεθυσθεὶς τοῦ νέκταρος–οἶνος γὰρ οὔπω ἦν–εἰς τὸν τοῦ ∆ιὸς κῆπον εἰσελθὼν βεβαρημένος εὗδεν. Ἡ οὖν Πενία ἐπιβουλεύουσα διὰ τὴν αὑτῆς ἀπορίαν παιδίον ποιήσασθαι ἐκ τοῦ Πόρου, κατακλίνεταί τε παρ' αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκύησε τὸν Ἔρωτα. ∆ιὸ δὴ καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἀκόλουθος θεράπων γέγονεν ὁ Ἔρως, γεννηθεὶς ἐν τοῖς ἐκείνης γενεθλίοις καὶ ἅμα φύσει ἐραστὴς ὢν περὶ τὸ καλόν, καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης καλῆς οὔσης. Ἅτε οὖν Πόρου καὶ Πενίας υἱὸς ὢν ὁ Ἔρως ἐν τοιαύτῃ τύχῃ καθέστηκε. Πρῶτον μὲν πένης ἀεί ἐστι καὶ πολλοῦ δεῖ ἁπαλός τε καὶ καλός, οἷον οἱ πολλοὶ οἴονται, ἀλλὰ σκληρὸς καὶ αὐχμηρὸς καὶ ἀνυπόδητος καὶ ἄοικος, χαμαιπετὴς ἀεὶ ὢν καὶ ἄστρωτος, ἐπὶ θύραις καὶ ἐν ὁδοῖς ὑπαίθριος κοιμώ μενος, τὴν τῆς μητρὸς φύσιν ἔχων ἀεὶ ἐνδείᾳ ξύνοικος. Κατὰ δ' αὖ τὸν πατέρα ἐπίβουλός ἐστι τοῖς καλοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, ἀνδρεῖος ὢν καὶ ἴτης καὶ σύντονος, θηρευτὴς δεινός, ἀεὶ προσπλέκων μηχανὰς καὶ φρονήσεως ἐπιθυμητὴς καὶ πόριμος, φιλοσοφῶν διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου, δεινὸς γόης καὶ φαρμακεὺς καὶ σοφιστής· καὶ οὔτε ὡς ἀθάνατος πέφυκεν οὔτε ὡς θνητός, ἀλλὰ τοτὲ μὲν τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας θάλλει καὶ ζῇ, ὅταν εὐπορήσῃ, τοτὲ δ' ἀποθνῄσκει, πάλιν δ' ἀναβιώσ κεται διὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς φύσιν. Τὸ δὲ ποριζόμενον ἀεὶ ὑπεκρεῖ, ὥστε οὔτ' ἀπορεῖ Ἔρως ποτὲ οὔτε πλουτεῖ. Σοφίας δ' αὖ καὶ ἀμαθίας ἐν μέσῳ ἐστίν." Ἄρα γὰρ οἱ ἐντυγχάνοντες τούτοις ἐὰν μὲν τὴν κακοήθειαν τοῦ Κέλσου μιμῶνται, ὅπερ Χριστιανῶν ἀπείη, καταγελά σονται τοῦ μύθου καὶ ἐν χλεύῃ θήσονται τὸν τηλικοῦτον Πλάτωνα· ἐὰν δὲ τὰ ἐν μύθου σχήματι λεγόμενα φιλοσόφως ἐξετάζοντες δυνηθῶσιν εὑρεῖν τὸ βούλημα τοῦ Πλάτωνος, [θαυμάσονται] τίνα τρόπον δεδύνηται τὰ μεγάλα ἑαυτῷ φαι νόμενα δόγματα κρύψαι μὲν διὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐν τῷ τοῦ μύθου σχήματι, εἰπεῖν δ' ὡς ἐχρῆν τοῖς εἰδόσιν ἀπὸ μύθων εὑρίσκειν τὸ περὶ ἀληθείας τοῦ ταῦτα συντάξαντος βούλημα. Τοῦτον δὲ τὸν παρὰ Πλάτωνι μῦθον ἐξεθέμην διὰ "τὸν" παρ' αὐτῷ "τοῦ ∆ιὸς κῆπον", παραπλήσιόν τι ἔχειν δοκοῦντα τῷ παραδείσῳ τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ τὴν Πενίαν, τῷ ἐκεῖ ὄφει παραβαλλομένην, καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τῆς Πενίας ἐπιβουλευόμενον Πόρον τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐπιβουλευομένῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄφεως. Οὐ πάνυ δὲ δῆλον, πότερον κατὰ συντυχίαν ἐπιπέπτωκε τούτοις ὁ Πλάτων ἤ, ὡς οἴονταί τινες, ἐν τῇ εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀποδημίᾳ συντυχὼν καὶ τοῖς τὰ Ἰουδαίων φιλοσοφοῦσι καὶ μαθών τινα παρ' αὐτῶν τὰ μέν τινα τετήρηκε τὰ δὲ παρεποίησε, φυλαξάμενος προσκόψαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐκ τοῦ πάντῃ τὰ τῆς Ἰουδαίων τηρῆσαι σοφίας, διαβεβλημένων παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς διὰ τὸ ξενίζον τῶν νόμων καὶ τὴν ἰδιότροπον κατ' αὐτοὺς πολιτείαν. Οὔτε δὲ τὸν Πλάτωνος μῦθον οὔτε τὰ περὶ τὸν ὄφιν καὶ τὸν παράδεισον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ὅσα ἐν αὐτῷ ἀναγέγραπται γεγο νέναι νῦν καιρὸς ἦν διηγήσασθαι· προηγουμένως γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἐξηγητικοῖς τῆς Γενέσεως, ὡς οἷόν τ' ἦν, εἰς ταῦτα ἐπραγματευσάμεθα.