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and earth; and sometimes he joins the aether to fire. 15.38.5 Aristotle [posited] first the impassive aether, a fifth body indeed; after which [came] the passible fire, air, water, and last, earth. And of these, to the celestial [bodies] has been assigned the circular motion, and of those arranged under them, to the light ones the upward [motion], and to the heavy ones the downward. 15.38.6 Empedocles [said that] the places of the elements are not always fixed nor defined, but that all these partake of one another.

15.39.1 39. WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE INCLINATION OF THE COSMOS

Diogenes, Anaxagoras [said that] after the cosmos was constituted and brought forth living creatures from the earth, the cosmos was somehow inclined of its own accord toward its southern part, perhaps by providence, so that some parts of the cosmos might become uninhabitable, and others habitable, according to heat, temperate climate, and cold. 15.39.2 Empedocles [said that] as the air yielded to the impulse of the sun, the Bears were inclined and the northern parts were raised, while the southern parts were lowered, and in this way the whole cosmos as well.

15.40.1 40. CONCERNING WHAT IS OUTSIDE

The Pythagoreans [say there is] a void outside the cosmos, into which and from which the cosmos breathes. 15.40.2 The Stoics, into which it is also dissolved in the conflagration, [say it is] infinite. 15.40.3 Posidonius [says it is] not infinite, but as much as is sufficient for its passage. 15.40.4 Plato, Aristotle [say there is] no empty space either outside or inside the cosmos.

15.41.1 41. WHAT ARE THE RIGHT PARTS OF THE COSMOS AND WHAT ARE THE LEFT

Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle [say] the right parts of the cosmos are the eastern parts, from which motion begins, and the left are the western. 15.41.2 Empedocles [says] the right parts are those along the summer tropic, and the left those along the winter.

15.42.1 42. CONCERNING HEAVEN

Anaximenes [says it is] the circumference of the outer zone. 15.42.2 Empedocles [says that] the heaven is a solid body, made of air compacted like crystal by fire, containing the fiery and the airy in each of the hemispheres.

15.43.1 43. CONCERNING DEMONS AND HEROES Next to the account concerning gods, the account concerning demons and heroes must be related. 15.43.2 Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, the Stoics [say that] demons exist as psychic substances; and that heroes are the souls separated from bodies, the good ones being good, and the wicked ones bad. 15.43.3 But Epicurus approves of none of these.

15.44.1 44. CONCERNING MATTER

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δὲ γῆν· ἐνίοτε δὲ τὸν αἰθέρα συνάπτει τῷ πυρί. 15.38.5 Ἀριστοτέλης πρῶτον μὲν αἰθέρα ἀπαθῆ, πέμπτον δὴ σῶμα· μεθ' ὃν παθητὰ πῦρ, ἀέρα, ὕδωρ, τελευταίαν δὲ γῆν. τούτων δὲ τοῖς μὲν οὐρανίοις ἀποδεδόσθαι τὴν κυκλικὴν κίνησιν, τῶν δ' ὑπ' ἐκεῖνα τεταγμένων τοῖς μὲν κούφοις τὴν ἄνω, τοῖς δὲ βαρέσι τὴν κάτω. 15.38.6 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς μὴ διὰ παντὸς ἑστῶτας εἶναι μηδὲ ὡρισμένους τοὺς τόπους τῶν στοιχείων, ἀλλὰ πάντας τουτοὺς ἀλλήλων μεταλαμβάνειν.

15.39.1 λθʹ. ΤΙΣ Η ΑΙΤΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΤΟΝ ΚΟΣΜΟΝ ΕΓΚΛΙΘΗΝΑΙ

∆ιογένης, Ἀναξαγόρας μετὰ τὸ συστῆναι τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὰ ζῷα ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐξαγαγεῖν ἐγκλιθῆναί πως τὸν κόσμον ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου εἰς τὸ μεσημβρινὸν αὐτοῦ μέρος, ἴσως ὑπὸ προνοίας, ἵνα τὰ μὲν ἀοίκητα γένηται, τὰ δὲ οἰκητὰ μέρη τοῦ κόσμου, κατὰ ἐκπύρωσιν καὶ εὐκρασίαν καὶ ψῦξιν. 15.39.2 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τοῦ ἀέρος εἴξαντος τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου ὁρμῇ ἐπικλιθῆναι τὰς ἄρκτους καὶ τὰ βόρεια ὑψωθῆναι, τὰ δὲ νότια ταπεινωθῆναι, καθὸ καὶ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον.

15.40.1 μʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΕΚΤΟΣ

Οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ Πυθαγόρου ἐκτὸς εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου κενόν, εἰς ὃ ἀναπνεῖ ὁ κόσμος καὶ ἐξ οὗ. 15.40.2 Οἱ δὲ Στωϊκοί, εἰς ὃ καὶ τῇ ἐκπυρώσει ἀναλύεται, ἄπειρον. 15.40.3 Ποσειδώνιος οὐκ ἄπειρον, ἀλλ' ὅσον αὔταρκες εἰς τὴν διάβασιν. 15.40.4 Πλάτων, Ἀριστοτέλης μήτ' ἐκτὸς τοῦ κόσμου διάκενον εἶναι μήτ' ἐντός.

15.41.1 μαʹ. ΤΙΝΑ ∆ΕΞΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΟΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΝΑ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ

Πυθαγόρας, Πλάτων, Ἀριστοτέλης δεξιὰ τοῦ κόσμου τὰ ἀνατολικὰ μέρη, ἀφ' ὧν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως, ἀριστερὰ δὲ τὰ δυτικά. 15.41.2 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς δεξιὰ μὲν τὰ κατὰ τὸν θερινὸν τροπικόν, ἀριστερὰ δὲ τὰ κατὰ τὸν χειμερινόν.

15.42.1 μβʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥ

Ἀναξιμένης τὴν περιφορὰν τῆς ἔξω ζώνης εἶναι. 15.42.2 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς στερέμνιον εἶναι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἐξ ἀέρος συμπαγέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς κρυσταλλοειδῶς, τὸ πυρῶδες καὶ ἀερῶδες ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῶν ἡμισφαιρίων περιέχοντα.

15.43.1 μγʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ∆ΑΙΜΟΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΗΡΩΩΝ Παρακειμένως δὲ τῷ περὶ θεῶν λόγῳ τὸν περὶ δαιμόνων καὶ ἡρώων ἱστορητέον. 15.43.2 Θαλῆς, Πυθαγόρας, Πλάτων, οἱ Στωϊκοὶ δαίμονας ὑπάρχειν οὐσίας ψυχικάς· εἶναι δὲ καὶ ἥρωας τὰς κεχωρισμένας ψυχὰς τῶν σωμάτων, καὶ ἀγαθοὺς μὲν τὰς ἀγαθάς, κακοὺς δὲ τὰς φαύλας. 15.43.3 Ἐπίκουρος δὲ οὐδὲν τούτων ἐγκρίνει.

15.44.1 μδʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΥΛΗΣ