Chapter LIV.

But as in the words which I quoted from Celsus, which are a paraphrase from the Timæus, certain expressions occur, such as, “God made nothing mortal, but immortal things alone, while mortal things are the works of others, and the soul is a work of God, but the nature of the body is different, and there is no difference between the body of a man and that of a bat, or of a worm, or of a frog; for the matter is the same, and their corruptible part alike,”—let us discuss these points for a little; and let us show that Celsus either does not disclose his Epicurean opinions, or, as might be said by one person, has exchanged them for better, or, as another might say, has nothing in common save the name, with Celsus, the Epicurean.  For he ought, in giving expression to such opinions, and in proposing to contradict not only us, but the by no means obscure sect of philosophers who are the adherents of Zeno of Citium, to have proved that the bodies of animals are not the work of God, and that the great skill displayed in their construction did not proceed from the highest intelligence.  And he ought also, with regard to the countless diversities of plants, which are regulated by an inherent, incomprehensible nature,860    ὑπ᾽ ἐνυπαρχούσης ἀφαντάστου φύσεως διοικουμένων. and which have been created for the by no means despicable861    πρὸς χρείαν οὐκ εὐκαταφρόνητον. use of man in general, and of the animals which minister to man, whatever other reasons may be adduced for their existence,862    ὅπως ποτὲ ἄλλως ὄντων. not only to have stated his opinion, but also to have shown us that it was no perfect intelligence which impressed these qualities upon the matter of plants.  And when he had once represented (various) divinities as the creators of all the bodies, the soul alone being the work of God, why did not he, who separated these great acts of creation, and apportioned them among a plurality of creators, next demonstrate by some convincing reason the existence of these diversities among divinities, some of which construct the bodies of men, and others—those, say, of beasts of burden, and others—those of wild animals?  And he who saw that some divinities were the creators of dragons, and of asps, and of basilisks, and others of each plant and herb according to its species, ought to have explained the causes of these diversities.  For probably, had he given himself carefully to the investigation of each particular point, he would either have observed that it was one God who was the creator of all, and who made each thing with a certain object and for a certain reason; or if he had failed to observe this, he would have discovered the answer which he ought to return to those who assert that corruptibility is a thing indifferent in its nature; and that there was no absurdity in a world which consists of diverse materials, being formed by one architect, who constructed the different kinds of things so as to secure the good of the whole.  Or, finally, he ought to have expressed no opinion at all on so important a doctrine, since he did not intend to prove what he professed to demonstrate; unless, indeed, he who censures others for professing a simple faith, would have us to believe his mere assertions, although he gave out that he would not merely assert, but would prove his assertions.

Ἐπεὶ δ' ἐν ᾗ ἐξεθέμην τοῦ Κέλσου λέξει παραφρα ζούσῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ Τιμαίου τινὰ γέγραπται, ὡς ἄρα ὁ μὲν θεὸς οὐδὲν θνητὸν ἐποίησεν ἀλλὰ μόνα τὰ ἀθάνατα, τὰ δὲ θνητὰ ἄλλων ἐστὶν ἔργα. Καὶ ψυχὴ μὲν θεοῦ ἔργον, σώματος δὲ ἄλλη φύσις. Καὶ οὐδὲν διοίσει σῶμα ἀνθρώπου σώματος νυκτερίδος ἢ εὐλῆς ἢ βατράχου· ὕλη γὰρ ἡ αὐτή, καὶ τὸ φθαρτὸν αὐτῶν ὅμοιον· φέρε καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐπ' ὀλίγον διαλάβωμεν, ἐλέγχοντες τὸν ἤτοι μὴ προσποιούμενον τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐπικούρειον γνώμην ἤ, ὡς ἂν εἴποι ἄν τις, ὕστερον μεταθέμενον ἐπὶ τὰ βελτίω ἢ καί, ὡς ἂν λέγοιτο, τὸν ὁμώνυμον τῷ Ἐπικουρείῳ. Τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐχρῆν αὐτὸν ἀποφαινόμενον καὶ ἐναντία λέγειν οὐ μόνον ἡμῖν προθέμενον ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐκ ἀγεννεῖ φιλοσόφων αἱρέσει τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κιτιέως Ζήνωνος κατασκευάσαι ὅτι τὰ τῶν ζῴων σώματα οὐκ ἔστιν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ὅτι ἡ τοσαύτη περὶ αὐτὰ τέχνη οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου ἐλήλυθε νοῦ. Ἔδει δ' αὐτὸν καὶ περὶ τῶν τοσούτων καὶ ὑπὸ ἐνυπαρχούσης ἀφαντάστου φύσεως διοικουμένων παντοδαπῶν φυτῶν καὶ πρὸς χρείαν γεγονότων οὐκ εὐκα ταφρόνητον ἐν τῷ παντὶ ἀνθρώπων καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώποις διακονουμένων ζῴων [ἢ] ὅπως ποτὲ ἄλλως ὄντων, μὴ ἀποφήνασθαι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ διδάξαι ὅτι μὴ τέλειός τις νοῦς τὰς τοσαύτας ἐνεποίησε ποιότητας τῇ ὕλῃ τῶν φυτῶν. Εἰ δ' ἅπαξ θεοὺς ἐποίει δημιουργοὺς πάντων σωμάτων, ὡς μόνης ψυχῆς ἔργον οὔσης θεοῦ, πῶς οὐχὶ ἑξῆς ἦν τῷ μερίζοντι τὰ τοσαῦτα δημιουργήματα καὶ πολλοῖς διδόντι μετά τινος κατασκευάσαι οὐκ εὐκαταφρονήτου λόγου θεῶν διαφοράς, τῶνδε μὲν ἀνθρώπεια κατασκευαζόντων σώματα ἑτέρων δὲ φέρ' εἰπεῖν κτήνεια καὶ ἄλλων θήρεια; Ἐχρῆν δ' αὐτόν, ὁρῶντα θεοὺς δρακόντων καὶ ἀσπίδων καὶ βασιλίσκων δημιουργοὺς καὶ κατὰ ἔντομον εἶδος αὐτῶν τινας εἶναι δημιουργοὺς καὶ ἄλλους κατ' εἶδος ἑκάστου φυτοῦ καὶ ἑκάστης βοτάνης, λέγειν τὰς αἰτίας τῶν μερισμῶν. Ἴσως γὰρ ἂν ἐπιδοὺς ἑαυτὸν τῇ ἀκριβείᾳ τῆς τῶν κατὰ τὸν τόπον βασάνου ἤτοι ἐτήρει ἕνα θεὸν πάντων δημιουργόν, πρός τι καὶ ἕνεκέν τινος ἕκαστον πεποιηκότα, ἢ μὴ τηρῶν ἑώρα τί χρὴ αὐτὸν ἀπολογήσασθαι περὶ ἀδιαφόρου τῇ αὐτοῦ φύσει πράγματος τοῦ φθαρτοῦ, καὶ ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄτοπον τὸν ἐξ ἀνομοίων συνεστηκότα κόσμον ὑπὸ ἑνὸς γεγονέναι τεχνίτου, συμφερόντως τῷ ὅλῳ τὰς διαφορὰς τῶν εἰδῶν κατασκευά ζοντος. Ἢ τὸ ἔσχατόν γε ἔδει αὐτὸν περὶ τηλικούτου δόγματος μηδ' ἀποφαίνεσθαι τὴν ἀρχήν, εἴπερ κατασκευάζειν οὐκ ἔμελλεν ἅπερ διδάσκειν ἐπηγγέλλετο· εἰ μὴ ἄρα ὁ ἐγκαλῶν τοῖς ψιλὴν πίστιν ἐπαγγελλομένοις αὐτὸς ἡμᾶς πιστεύειν ἐβούλετο οἷς ἀπεφήνατο, καίτοι γε οὐ τὸ ἀποφή νασθαι ἀλλὰ τὸ διδάξαι ἐπαγγειλάμενος.