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those in it. 15.57.4 Parmenides was the first to define the inhabited places of the earth under the two tropical zones.

15.58.1 58. CONCERNING THE INCLINATION OF THE EARTH The others, that the earth remains still. 15.58.2 But Philolaus the Pythagorean, that it is carried around the fire in an oblique circle, in a manner similar to the sun and moon. 15.58.3 Heraclides of Pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean move the earth, not, however, with a motion of translation, but of turning, like a wheel on an axle, revolving from west to east about its own center. 15.58.4 Democritus, that at first the earth wandered on account of both its smallness and lightness, but having become dense and heavy with time, it settled.” Since these noble men have disagreed about the earth, hear also what they say about the sea:

15.59.1 59. CONCERNING THE SEA: HOW IT WAS FORMED AND HOW IT IS BITTER

“Anaximander says the sea is a remnant of the first moisture, the greater part of which the fire dried up, and the remainder was altered by the burning. 15.59.2 Anaxagoras, that when the moisture that originally pooled was burnt up by the sun's revolution and the fatty part evaporated, the remainder settled into saltiness and bitterness. 15.59.3 Empedocles, that it is the sweat of the earth, burnt by the sun because of its greater compression. 15.59.4 Antiphon, that it is the sweat of the hot, from which the contained moisture was separated, becoming somewhat salty by being boiled down, which happens with all sweat. 15.59.5 Metrodorus, that by being filtered through the earth it has taken on its denseness, just like things strained through ash. 15.59.6 Those from Plato, that of the elemental water, that which is formed from air by cooling becomes sweet, but that which is exhaled from the earth by burning and conflagration is salty.” 15.59.7 So much, then, concerning the sea. But that those who professed to discourse on the nature of the whole cosmos, of heavenly and ethereal things, and of the comprehension of all things, did not even know the things concerning themselves, you may learn from the way in which they have disagreed about these things as follows:

15.60.1 60. CONCERNING THE PARTS OF THE SOUL

“Pythagoras, Plato, according to the highest account, say the soul is bipartite: one part being rational, the other irrational. But according to a closer and more precise account, it is tripartite; for they divide the irrational part into both the spirited and the appetitive. 15.60.2 The Stoics, that it consists of eight parts: five sensory—of sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch—a sixth of voice, a seventh of reproduction, and an eighth, the ruling part itself, from which all these are extended through the proper organs, like the tentacles of an octopus. 15.60.3 Democritus, Epicurus, that the soul is bipartite, having the rational part established in the chest, and the irrational part scattered throughout the whole composition of the body. 15.60.4 But Democritus, that all things by nature partake of some kind of soul, even the dead bodies, because they invisibly partake of something hot and sensitive, though the greater part is breathed out.

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τοὺς ἐν ἐκείνῃ. 15.57.4 Παρμενίδης πρῶτος ἀφώρισε τῆς γῆς τοὺς οἰκουμένους τόπους ὑπὸ ταῖς δυσὶ ζώναις ταῖς τροπικαῖς.

15.58.1 νηʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΕΓΚΛΙΣΕΩΣ ΓΗΣ Οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι μένειν τὴν γῆν. 15.58.2 Φιλόλαος δὲ ὁ Πυθαγόρειος κύκλῳ περιφέρεσθαι περὶ τὸ πῦρ κατὰ κύκλου λοξοῦ, ὁμοιοτρόπως ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ. 15.58.3 Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικὸς καὶ Ἔκφαντος ὁ Πυθαγόρειος κινοῦσι μὲν τὴν γῆν, οὐ μὴν μεταβατικῶς, ἀλλὰ τρεπτικῶς, τροχοῦ δίκην ἐν ἄξονι στρεφομένην ἀπὸ δυσμῶν ἐπ' ἀνατολὰς περὶ τὸ ἴδιον αὐτῆς κέντρον. 15.58.4 ∆ημόκριτος κατ' ἀρχὰς μὲν πλάζεσθαι τὴν γῆν διά τε σμικρότητα καὶ κουφότητα, πυκνωθεῖσαν δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ βαρυνθεῖσαν καταστῆναι.» Τούτων καὶ περὶ γῆς διαπεφωνημένων τοῖς γενναίοις ἄκουε καὶ τῶν περὶ θαλάσσης·

15.59.1 νθʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΗΣ ΠΩΣ ΣΥΝΕΣΤΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΩΣ ΕΣΤΙ ΠΙΚΡΑ

«Ἀναξίμανδρος τὴν θάλασσάν φησιν εἶναι τῆς πρώτης ὑγρασίας λείψανον· ἧς τὸ μὲν πλεῖον μέρος ἀνεξήρανε τὸ πῦρ, τὸ δὲ ὑπολειφθὲν διὰ τὴν ἔκκαυσιν μετέβαλεν. 15.59.2 Ἀναξαγόρας τοῦ κατ' ἀρχὰς λιμνάζοντος ὑγροῦ περικαέντος ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλιακῆς περιφορᾶς καὶ τοῦ λιπαροῦ ἐξατμισθέντος, εἰς ἁλυκίδα καὶ πικρίαν τὸ λοιπὸν ὑποστῆναι. 15.59.3 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ἱδρῶτα τῆς γῆς ἐκκαιομένης ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου διὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον πίλησιν. 15.59.4 Ἀντιφῶν ἱδρῶτα τοῦ θερμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ τὸ περιληφθὲν ὑγρὸν ἀπεκρίθη, τῷ καθεψηθῆναι παραλυκίσασα, ὅπερ ἐπὶ παντὸς ἱδρῶτος συμβαίνει. 15.59.5 Μητρόδωρος διὰ τὸ διηθεῖσθαι διὰ τῆς γῆς μετειληφέναι τοῦ περὶ αὐτὴν πάχους, καθάπερ τὰ διὰ τῆς τέφρας ὑλιζόμενα. 15.59.6 Οἱ ἀπὸ Πλάτωνος τοῦ στοιχειώδους ὕδατος τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀέρος κατὰ περίψυξιν συνιστάμενον γλυκὺ γίνεσθαι, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ γῆς κατὰ περίκαυσιν καὶ ἐκπύρωσιν ἀναθυμιώμενον ἁλμυρόν.» 15.59.7 Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν καὶ περὶ θαλάσσης. ὅπως δὲ οἱ περὶ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου οὐρανίων τε πέρι καὶ αἰθερίων καὶ τῆς τῶν ὅλων καταλήψεως φυσιολογεῖν ἐπαγγειλάμενοι οὐδὲ τὰ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς ᾔδεσαν, μάθοις ἂν ἐξ ὧν καὶ περὶ τούτων ὧδέ πως διαπεφωνήκασιν·

15.60.1 ξʹ. ΠΕΡΙ ΜΕΡΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΗΣ

«Πυθαγόρας, Πλάτων κατὰ μὲν τὸν ἀνωτάτω λόγον διμερῆ τὴν ψυχήν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔχειν λογικόν, τὸ δὲ ἄλογον. κατὰ δὲ τὸ προσεχὲς καὶ ἀκριβὲς τριμερῆ· τὸ γὰρ ἄλογον διαιροῦσιν εἴς τε τὸ θυμικὸν καὶ τὸ ἐπιθυμητικόν. 15.60.2 Οἱ Στωϊκοὶ ἐξ ὀκτὼ μερῶν συνεστάναι, πέντε μὲν τῶν αἰσθητικῶν, ὁρατικοῦ, ὀσφραντικοῦ, ἀκουστικοῦ, γευστικοῦ, ἁπτικοῦ, ἕκτου δὲ φωνητικοῦ, ἑβδόμου δὲ σπερματικοῦ, ὀγδόου δὲ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ, ἀφ' οὗ ταῦτα πάντα τέταται διὰ τῶν οἰκείων ὀργάνων, προσφερῶς ταῖς πολύποδος πλεκτάναις. 15.60.3 ∆ημόκριτος, Ἐπίκουρος διμερῆ τὴν ψυχήν, τὸ μὲν λογικὸν ἔχουσαν ἐν τῷ θώρακι καθιδρυμένον, τὸ δὲ ἄλογον καθ' ὅλην τὴν σύγκρισιν τοῦ σώματος διεσπαρμένον. 15.60.4 Ὁ δὲ ∆ημόκριτος πάντα μετέχειν φύσει ψυχῆς ποιᾶς, καὶ τὰ νεκρὰ τῶν σωμάτων, διότι ἀφανῶς τινος θερμοῦ καὶ αἰσθητικοῦ μετέχει, τοῦ πλείονος διαπνεομένου.