Chapter LXV.

After this Celsus continues:  “It is not easy, indeed, for one who is not a philosopher to ascertain the origin of evils, though it is sufficient for the multitude to say that they do not proceed from God, but cleave to matter, and have their abode among mortal things; while the course895    περίοδος. of mortal things being the same from beginning to end, the same things must always, agreeably to the appointed cycles,896    κατὰ τὰς τεταγμένας ἀνακυκλήσεις. recur in the past, present, and future.”  Celsus here observes that it is not easy for one who is not a philosopher to ascertain the origin of evils, as if it were an easy matter for a philosopher to gain this knowledge, while for one who is not a philosopher it was difficult, though still possible, for such an one, although with great labour, to attain it.  Now, to this we say, that the origin of evils is a subject which is not easy even for a philosopher to master, and that perhaps it is impossible even for such to attain a clear understanding of it, unless it be revealed to them by divine inspiration, both what evils are, and how they originated, and how they shall be made to disappear.  But although ignorance of God is an evil, and one of the greatest of these is not to know how God is to be served and worshipped, yet, as even Celsus would admit, there are undoubtedly some philosophers who have been ignorant of this, as is evident from the views of the different philosophical sects; whereas, according to our judgment, no one is capable of ascertaining the origin of evils who does not know that it is wicked to suppose that piety is preserved uninjured amid the laws that are established in different states, in conformity with the generally prevailing ideas of government.897    μὴ ἐγνωκὼς κακὸν εἶναι τὸ νομίζειν εὐσέβειαν σώζεσθαι ἐν τοῖς καθεστηκόσι κατὰ τὰς κοινότερον νοουμένας πολιτείας νόμοις.  No one, moreover, who has not heard what is related of him who is called “devil,” and of his “angels,” and what he was before he became a devil, and how he became such, and what was the cause of the simultaneous apostasy of those who are termed his angels, will be able to ascertain the origin of evils.  But he who would attain to this knowledge must learn more accurately the nature of demons, and know that they are not the work of God so far as respects their demoniacal nature, but only in so far as they are possessed of reason; and also what their origin was, so that they became beings of such a nature, that while converted into demons, the powers of their mind898    τὸ ἡγεμονικόν. remain.  And if there be any topic of human investigation which is difficult for our nature to grasp, certainly the origin of evils may be considered to be such.

Μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν ὁ Κέλσος· Τίς ἡ τῶν κακῶν γένεσις, οὐ ῥᾴδιον μὲν γνῶναι τῷ μὴ φιλοσοφήσαντι, ἐξαρκεῖ δ' εἰς πλῆθος εἰρῆσθαι ὡς ἐκ θεοῦ μὲν οὐκ ἔστι κακά, ὕλῃ δὲ πρόσκειται καὶ τοῖς θνητοῖς ἐμπολιτεύεται· ὁμοία δ' ἀπ' ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος ἡ τῶν θνητῶν περίοδος, καὶ κατὰ τὰς τεταγμένας ἀνακυκλήσεις ἀνάγκη τὰ αὐτὰ ἀεὶ καὶ γεγονέναι καὶ εἶναι καὶ ἔσεσθαι. Καὶ ὁ μὲν Κέλσος φησὶ τὴν τῶν κακῶν γένεσιν οὐ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι γνῶναι τῷ μὴ φιλοσοφήσαντι, ὡς τοῦ μὲν φιλοσοφοῦντος γνῶναι τὴν γένεσιν αὐτῶν δυνα μένου ῥᾳδίως, τοῦ δὲ μὴ φιλοσοφοῦντος οὐ ῥᾳδίως μὲν οἵου τε ὄντος θεωρεῖν τὴν γένεσιν τῶν κακῶν, πλὴν εἰ καὶ μετὰ καμάτου ἀλλά γε δυνατοῦ ὄντος γνῶναι. Ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοῦτό φαμεν ὅτι τὴν τῶν κακῶν γένεσιν οὐδὲ τῷ φιλοσοφήσαντι γνῶναι ῥᾴδιον, τάχα δὲ οὐδὲ τούτοις καθαρῶς αὐτὴν γνῶναι δυνατόν, ἐὰν μὴ θεοῦ ἐπιπνοίᾳ καὶ τίνα τὰ κακὰ τρανωθῇ καὶ πῶς ὑπέστη δηλωθῇ καὶ τίνα τρόπον ἀφανισθήσεται νοηθῇ. Ἐν κακοῖς γοῦν οὔσης καὶ τῆς περὶ θεοῦ ἀγνοίας, ὄντος δὲ μεγίστου κακοῦ καὶ τοῦ μὴ εἰδέναι τὸν τρόπον τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ θεραπείας καὶ τῆς εἰς αὐτὸν εὐσεβείας, πάντως μὲν καὶ κατὰ Κέλσον τινὲς τῶν φιλοσοφησάντων οὐκ ἔγνωσαν, ὅπερ δῆλόν ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν διαφόρων ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ αἱρέσεων· καθ' ἡμᾶς δὲ οὐδεὶς μὴ ἐγνωκὼς κακὸν εἶναι τὸ νομίζειν εὐσέβειαν σῴζεσθαι ἐν τοῖς καθεστηκόσι κατὰ τὰς κοινότερον νοουμένας πολιτείας νόμοις οἷός τε ἔσται τὴν γένεσιν γνῶναι τῶν κακῶν. Καὶ οὐδεὶς μὴ διαλαβὼν τὰ περὶ τοῦ καλουμένου διαβόλου καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ, τίς τε πρὸ τοῦ διάβολος γεγενῆσθαι οὗτος ἦν καὶ πῶς γεγένηται διάβολος καὶ τίς ἡ αἰτία τοῦ συναποστῆναι αὐτῷ τοὺς καλουμένους αὐτοῦ ἀγγέλους, οἷός τε ἔσται γνῶναι τὴν γένεσιν τῶν κακῶν. ∆εῖ δὲ τὸν μέλλοντα ταύτην εἰδέναι καὶ περὶ δαιμόνων ἀκριβέστερον διειληφέναι ὅτι τε μή εἰσι, καθὸ δαίμονές εἰσι, δημιουργήματα τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ μόνον καθὸ λογικοί τινες, καὶ πόθεν ἐληλύθασιν ἐπὶ τὸ τοιοῦτοι γενέσθαι, ὡς ἐν καταστάσει δαιμόνων αὐτῶν ὑποστῆναι τὸ ἡγεμονικόν. Εἴπερ οὖν ἄλλος τις τόπος τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἐξετάσεως δεομένων δυσθήρατός ἐστι τῇ φύσει ἡμῶν, ἐν τούτοις καὶ ἡ τῶν κακῶν ταχθείη ἂν γένεσις.