Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

But besides, if birds of augury converse with one another,970 εἴπερ οἰωνοὶ οἰωνοῖς μάχονται. For μάχονται Ruæus conjectures διαλέγονται, which is adopted by Lommatzsch. as Celsus maintains they do, the prophetic birds having a divine nature, and the other rational animals also ideas of the divinity and foreknowledge of future events; and if they had communicated this knowledge to others, the sparrow mentioned in Homer would not have built her nest in the spot where a serpent was to devour her and her young ones, nor would the serpent in the writings of the same poet have failed to take precautions against being captured by the eagle. For this wonderful poet says, in his poem regarding the former:—

“A mighty dragon shot, of dire portent;

From Jove himself the dreadful sign was sent.

Straight to the tree his sanguine spires he rolled,

And curled around in many a winding fold.

The topmost branch a mother-bird possessed;

Eight callow infants filled the mossy nest;

Herself the ninth: the serpent, as he hung,

Stretched his black jaws, and crashed the dying young;

While hovering near, with miserable moan,

The drooping mother wailed her children gone.

The mother last, as round the nest she flew,

Seized by the beating wing, the monster slew:

Nor long survived: to marble turned, he stands

A lasting prodigy on Aulis’ sands.

Such was the will of Jove; and hence we dare

Trust in his omen, and support the war.”971 Homer, Iliad, ii. 308 sq. (Pope’s translation).

And regarding the second—the bird—the poet says:—

“Jove’s bird on sounding pinions beat the skies;

A bleeding serpent of enormous size,

His talons twined; alive, and curling round,

He stung the bird, whose throat received the wound.

Mad with the smart, he drops the fatal prey,

In airy circles wings his painful way,

Floats on the winds, and rends the heaven with cries;

Amidst the host, the fallen serpent lies.

They, pale with terror, mark its spires unrolled,

And Jove’s portent with beating hearts behold.”972 Homer, Iliad, xii. 200 sq. (Pope’s translation).

Did the eagle, then, possess the power of divination, and the serpent (since this animal also is made use of by the augurs) not? But as this distinction can be easily refuted, cannot the assertion that both were capable of divination be refuted also? For if the serpent had possessed this knowledge, would not he have been on his guard against suffering what he did from the eagle? And innumerable other instances of a similar character may be found, to show that animals do not possess a prophetic soul, but that, according to the poet and the majority of mankind, it is the “Olympian himself who sent him to the light.” And it is with a symbolical meaning973 κατὰ δέ τι σημεῖον. that Apollo employs the hawk974 ἱέραξ. as his messenger, for the hawk975 κίρκος, “the hen-harrier,” “Falco,” or “Circus pygargus.” Cf. Liddell and Scott, s.v. is called the “swift messenger of Apollo.”976 Cf. Homer, Odyss., xv. 526.

Ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴπερ οἰωνοὶ οἰωνοῖς μάχονται [καί], ὥς φησιν ὁ Κέλσος, θείαν φύσιν ἔχοντες οἱ μαντικοὶ ὄρνεις καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἄλογα ζῷα καὶ ἐννοίας τοῦ θείου καὶ πρόγνωσιν περὶ μελλόντων τὰ τοιαῦτα ἑτέροις προεδήλουν· οὔτ' ἂν ἡ καθ' Ὅμηρον στρουθὸς ἐνόσσευσεν ὅπου δράκων ἔμελλεν αὐτὴν καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἀφανίσειν, οὔτ' ἂν ὁ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν ποιητὴν δράκων οὐκ ἐφυλάξατο ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀετοῦ ληφθῆναι. Φησὶ γὰρ ὁ ἐν ποιήσει θαυμαστὸς Ὅμηρος περὶ μὲν τοῦ προτέρου τοιαῦτα· Ἔνθ' ἐφάνη μέγα σῆμα· δράκων ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινός, σμερδαλέος, τὸν δ' αὐτὸς Ὀλύμπιος ἧκε φόωσδε, βωμοῦ ὑπαΐξας πρός ῥα πλατάνιστον ὄρουσεν. Ἔνθα δ' ἔσαν στρουθοῖο νεοσσοί, νήπια τέκνα, ὄζῳ ἐπ' ἀκροτάτῳ πετάλοις ὑποπεπτηῶτες, ὀκτώ, ἀτὰρ μήτηρ ἐνάτη ἦν, ἣ τέκε τέκνα. Ἔνθ' ὅ γε τοὺς ἐλεεινὰ κατήσθιε τετριγῶτας· μήτηρ δ' ἀμφεποτᾶτο ὀδυρομένη φίλα τέκνα· τὴν δ' ἐλελιξάμενος πτέρυγος λάβεν ἀμφιαχυῖαν. Αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ τέκν' ἔφαγε στρουθοῖο καὶ αὐτήν, τὸν μὲν ἀρίζηλον θῆκεν θεός, ὅσπερ ἔφηνε· λᾶαν γάρ μιν θῆκε Κρόνου παῖς ἀγκυλομήτεω. Ἡμεῖς δ' ἑσταότες θαυμάζομεν οἷον ἐτύχθη. Ὡς οὖν δεινὰ πέλωρα θεῶν εἰσῆλθ' ἑκατόμβας. Περὶ δὲ τοῦ δευτέρου, ὅτι Ὄρνις γάρ σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν, αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης, ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων, φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον, ζωόν, ἔτ' ἀσπαίροντα· ὁ δ' οὔπω λήθετο χάρμης. Κόψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρήν, ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω· ὁ δ' ἀπὸ ἕθεν ἧκε χαμᾶζε, ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δ' ἐγκάββαλ' ὁμίλῳ· αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας πέτετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο. Τρῶες δ' ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, ∆ιὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο. Ἆρ' οὖν ὁ μὲν ἀετὸς ἦν μαντικός, ὁ δὲ δράκων, ἐπεὶ καὶ τούτῳ χρῶνται τῷ ζῴῳ οἱ οἰωνοσκόποι, οὐκ ἦν μαντικός; Τί δέ, ἐπεὶ τὸ ἀποκληρωτικὸν εὐέλεγκτόν ἐστιν, οὐχὶ καὶ τὸ ἀμφοτέρους εἶναι μαντικοὺς ἐλεγχθείη ἄν; Οὐκ ἂν γὰρ ὁ δράκων ὢν μαντικὸς οὐκ ἐφυλάξατο τάδε τινὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀετοῦ παθεῖν; Καὶ ἄλλα δ' ἂν μυρία τοιαῦτα εὕροι τις παραδείγματα, παριστάντα ὅτι οὐ τὰ ζῷα μέν ἐστιν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἔχοντα μαντικὴν ψυχήν· ἀλλὰ κατὰ μὲν τὸν ποιητὴν καὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων αὐτὸς Ὀλύμπιος ἧκε φόωσδε, κατὰ δέ τι σημεῖον καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἀγγέλῳ χρῆται ἱέρακι· "κίρκος" γὰρ "Ἀπόλλωνος" εἶναι λέγεται "ταχὺς ἄγγελος".