Chapter II.

We have now, then, to refute that statement of his which runs as follows:  “O Jews and Christians, no God or son of a God either came or will come down (to earth).  But if you mean that certain angels did so, then what do you call them?  Are they gods, or some other race of beings?  Some other race of beings (doubtless), and in all probability demons.”  Now as Celsus here is guilty of repeating himself (for in the preceding pages such assertions have been frequently advanced by him), it is unnecessary to discuss the matter at greater length, seeing what we have already said upon this point may suffice.  We shall mention, however, a few considerations out of a greater number, such as we deem in harmony with our former arguments, but which have not altogether the same bearing as they, and by which we shall show that in asserting generally that no God, or son of God, ever descended (among men), he overturns not only the opinions entertained by the majority of mankind regarding the manifestation of Deity, but also what was formerly admitted by himself.  For if the general statement, that “no God or son of God has come down or will come down,” be truly maintained by Celsus, it is manifest that we have here overthrown the belief in the existence of gods upon the earth who had descended from heaven either to predict the future to mankind or to heal them by means of divine responses; and neither the Pythian Apollo, nor Æsculapius, nor any other among those supposed to have done so, would be a god descended from heaven.  He might, indeed, either be a god who had obtained as his lot (the obligation) to dwell on earth for ever, and be thus a fugitive, as it were, from the abode of the gods, or he might be one who had no power to share in the society of the gods in heaven;1002    τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς.    ἀνατάσεως. or else Apollo, and Æsculapius, and those others who are believed to perform acts on earth, would not be gods, but only certain demons, much inferior to those wise men among mankind, who on account of their virtue ascend to the vault1003    ἁψῖδα.    πολὺ δὲ τὸ ἥμερον ἐὰν…οἷος τέ τις γένηται ἐπιστρέφειν. of heaven.

Πρόκειται οὖν νῦν τὴν οὕτως ἔχουσαν αὐτοῦ ἀνατρέψαι λέξιν· Θεὸς μέν, ὦ Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ Χριστιανοί, καὶ θεοῦ παῖς οὐδεὶς οὔτε κατῆλθεν οὔτ' [ἂν] κατέλθοι. Εἰ δέ τινας ἀγγέλους φατέ, τίνας τούτους λέγετε, θεοὺς ἢ ἄλλο τι γένος; Ἄλλο τι ὡς εἰκός, τοὺς δαίμονας. Πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ παλιλλογοῦντι τῷ Κέλσῳ–ἀνωτέρω γὰρ ἤδη πολλάκις ταῦτ' αὐτῷ λέλεκται– οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον ἐπὶ πλεῖον διαλεχθῆναι· ἀρκέσει γὰρ τὰ εἰς τοῦθ' ἡμῖν λελεγμένα. Ὀλίγα δ' ἀπὸ πλειόνων, ἃ δοκοῦμεν εἶναι συνᾴδοντα μὲν τοῖς προειρημένοις οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ πάντῃ ἐκείνοις ἔχοντα νοῦν, ἐκθησόμεθα· ἐν οἷς παραστή σομεν ὅτι καθολικῶς ἀποφηνάμενος θεὸν οὐδένα πρὸς ἀνθρώπους κατεληλυθέναι ἢ θεοῦ παῖδα ἀναιρεῖ καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν περὶ θεοῦ ἐπιφανείας δοξαζόμενα καὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέρω προειρημένα. Εἰ γὰρ καθόλου λελεγμένον τὸ θεὸς καὶ θεοῦ παῖς οὐδεὶς κατῆλθεν οὐδὲ κατέλθοι [ἂν] ἀληθῶς τῷ Κέλσῳ εἴρηται, δηλονότι ἀνῄρηται τὸ εἶναι θεοὺς ἐπὶ γῆς, κατελθόντας ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα ἤτοι μαντεύσωνται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἢ διὰ χρησμῶν θεραπεύσωσι, καὶ οὔτε ὁ Πύθιος οὔτ' Ἀσκληπιὸς οὔτ' ἄλλος τις τῶν νενομισμένων τὰ τοιαῦτα ποιεῖν θεὸς ἂν εἴη καταβὰς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἢ θεὸς μὲν εἴη ἂν ἀεὶ δὲ λαχὼν οἰκεῖν τὴν γῆν καὶ ὡσπερεὶ φυγὰς τοῦ τόπου τῶν θεῶν, ἤ τις τῶν μὴ ἐξουσίαν ἐχόντων κοινωνεῖν τοῖς ἐκεῖ θείοις εἴη ἄν, ἢ οὐ θεοὶ εἶεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων καὶ ὁ Ἀσκληπιὸς καὶ ὅσοι ἐπὶ γῆς τι ποιεῖν πεπιστευμένοι εἰσὶν ἀλλά τινες δαίμονες, τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις σοφῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἁψῖδα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἀναβαινόντων πολλῷ χείρους.