Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

And if it be necessary for us to offer a defence of our refusal to recognise as gods, equally with angels, and sun, and moon, and stars, those who are called by the Greeks “manifest and visible” divinities, we shall answer that the law of Moses knows that these latter have been apportioned by God among all the nations under the heaven, but not amongst those who were selected by God as His chosen people above all the nations of the earth. For it is written in the book of Deuteronomy: “And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldst be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the Lord thy God hath divided unto all nations unto the whole heaven. But the Lord hath taken us, and brought us forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto Him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day.”1021 Cf. Deut. iv. 19, 20. The Hebrew people, then, being called by God a “chosen generation, and a royal priesthood, and a holy nation, and a purchased people,”1022 Cf. 1 Pet. ii. 9. regarding whom it was foretold to Abraham by the voice of the Lord addressed to him, “Look now towards heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and He said unto him, So shall thy seed be;”1023 Cf. Gen. xv. 5. and having thus a hope that they would become as the stars of heaven, were not likely to bow down to those objects which they were to resemble as a result of their understanding and observing the law of God. For it was said to them: “The Lord our God hath multiplied us; and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.”1024 Cf. Deut. i. 10. In the book of Daniel, also, the following prophecies are found relating to those who are to share in the resurrection: “And at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that has been written in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust1025 χώματι. of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, and (those) of the many righteous1026 ἀπὸ τῶν δικαίων τῶν πολλῶν. as the stars for ever and ever,”1027 Cf. Dan. xii. 1, 2, 3. etc. And hence Paul, too, when speaking of the resurrection, says: “And there are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars; for one star differeth from another star in glory. So also is the resurrection of the dead.”1028 Cf. 1 Cor. xv. 40–42. It was not therefore consonant to reason that those who had been taught sublimely1029 μεγαλοφυῶς. to ascend above all created things, and to hope for the enjoyment of the most glorious rewards with God on account of their virtuous lives, and who had heard the words, “Ye are the light of the world,”1030 Matt. v. 14. and, “Let your light so shine before men, that they, seeing your good works, may glorify your Father who is in heaven,”1031 Cf. Matt. v. 16. and who possessed through practice this brilliant and unfading wisdom, or who had secured even the “very reflection of everlasting light,”1032 Cf. Origen, de Principiis, i. c. vii. should be so impressed with the (mere) visible light of sun, and moon, and stars, that, on account of that sensible light of theirs, they should deem themselves (although possessed of so great a rational light of knowledge, and of the true light, and the light of the world, and the light of men) to be somehow inferior to them, and to bow down to them; seeing they ought to be worshipped, if they are to receive worship at all, not for the sake of the sensible light which is admired by the multitude, but because of the rational and true light, if indeed the stars in heaven are rational and virtuous beings, and have been illuminated with the light of knowledge by that wisdom which is the “reflection of everlasting light.” For that sensible light of theirs is the work of the Creator of all things, while that rational light is derived perhaps from the principle of free-will within them.1033 ἐκ τοῦ ἐν αὐτοῖς αὐτεξουσίου ἐληλυθός.

Εἰ δὲ χρὴ ἀπολογήσασθαι ἡμᾶς, ἐπ' ἴσης μὴ προσκυνοῦντας ἀγγέλους καὶ ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἄστρα, περὶ τοῦ μηδὲ τοὺς λεγομένους ὑφ' Ἑλλήνων ἐμφανεῖς θεοὺς καὶ αἰσθητοὺς προσκυνεῖν, φήσομεν ὅτι καὶ ὁ Μωϋσέως νόμος ἐπίσταται τούτους ἀπονεμηθέντας μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ "πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ" οὐκέτι δὲ καὶ τοῖς εἰς ἐξαίρετον μερίδα ληφθεῖσι τῷ θεῷ παρὰ πάντα τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς ἔθνη. Γέγραπται γοῦν ἐν ∆ευτερονομίῳ· "Καὶ μή ποτε ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὴν σελήνην καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας, πάντα τὸν κόσμον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, πλανηθεὶς προσκυνήσῃς αὐτοῖς καὶ λατρεύσῃς αὐτοῖς, ἃ ἀπένειμε κύριος ὁ θεός σου πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσι τοῖς ὑποκάτω παντὸς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Ἡμᾶς δ' ἔλαβε κύριος ὁ θεὸς καὶ ἐξήγαγεν ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῆς καμίνου τῆς σιδηρᾶς, ἐξ Αἰγύπτου, εἶναι λαὸν αὐτῷ ἔγκληρον ὡς ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ." "Γένος" τοίνυν "ἐκλεκτὸν" καὶ "βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα" καὶ "ἔθνος ἅγιον" καὶ "λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν" κληθέντες ὑπὸ θεοῦ εἶναι ὁ Ἑβραίων λαός, περὶ οὗ τῷ Ἀβραὰμ προείρητο ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς αὐτὸν τοῦ κυρίου φωνῆς· "Ἀνάβλεψον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἀρίθμησον τοὺς ἀστέρας, εἰ δυνήσῃ ἐξαριθμῆσαι αὐτούς. Καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Οὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου", οὐκ ἔμελλε τὴν ἐλπίδα ἔχων οὕτω γενέσθαι ὡς οἱ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἀστέρες προσκυνεῖν ἐκείνους, οἷς ἐκ τοῦ συνιέναι καὶ τηρεῖν τὸν νόμον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι ἔμελλον. Καὶ γὰρ λέλεκται πρὸς αὐτούς· "Κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ἐπλήθυνεν ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἰδού ἐστε σήμερον ὡσεὶ τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τῷ πλήθει." Καὶ ἐν τῷ ∆ανιὴλ δὲ προφητεύεται τοιαῦτα περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν· "Καὶ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ σωθήσεται ὁ λαός σου πᾶς ὁ γεγραμμένος ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ· καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν καθευδόντων ἐν γῆς χώματι ἐξεγερθήσονται, οὗτοι εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον, καὶ οὗτοι εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν καὶ αἰσχύνην αἰώνιον· καὶ οἱ συνιέντες ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ἡ λαμπρότης τοῦ στερεώματος, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δικαίων τῶν πολλῶν ὡς οἱ ἀστέρες εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας καὶ ἔτι." Ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος λαβὼν ἐν τοῖς περὶ ἀναστάσεώς φησι· "Καὶ σώματα ἐπουράνια καὶ σώματα ἐπίγεια· ἀλλ' ἑτέρα μὲν ἡ τῶν ἐπουρανίων δόξα, ἑτέρα δὲ ἡ τῶν ἐπιγείων. Ἄλλη δόξα ἡλίου, καὶ ἄλλη δόξα σελήνης, καὶ ἄλλη δόξα ἀστέρων· ἀστὴρ γὰρ ἀστέρος διαφέρει ἐν δόξῃ. Οὕτω καὶ ἡ ἀνάστασις τῶν νεκρῶν." Οὐ τοίνυν ἦν εὔλογον τοὺς διδαχθέντας μεγαλοφυῶς ὑπεραναβαίνειν πάντα τὰ δημιουργήματα καὶ ἐλπίζειν τὰ ἄριστα περὶ αὐτῶν παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐπὶ τῷ καλλίστῳ βίῳ καὶ ἀκούσαντας τὸ "Ὑμεῖς ἐστε τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου" καὶ τὸ "Λαμψάτω τὸ φῶς ὑμῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὅπως ἴδωσι τὰ καλὰ ὑμῶν ἔργα καὶ δοξάσωσι τὸν πατέρα ὑμῶν τὸν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς", ἀσκοῦντας ἔχειν τὴν λαμπρὰν καὶ ἀμάραντον σοφίαν, ἢ καὶ ἀνειληφότας αὐτὴν οὖσαν "ἀπαύ γασμα" "φωτὸς ἀϊδίου", καταπλαγῆναι τὸ αἰσθητὸν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης καὶ ἄστρων φῶς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ὥστε διὰ τὸ αἰσθητὸν φῶς ἐκείνων νομίσαι ἑαυτοὺς κάτω που εἶναι, ἔχοντας τηλικοῦτον νοητὸν γνώσεως φῶς καὶ "φῶς ἀληθι νὸν" καὶ "φῶς τοῦ κόσμου" καὶ "φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων", κἀκείνοις προσκυνῆσαι· οὓς εἰ ἄρα προσκυνεῖσθαι ἐχρῆν, οὐ διὰ τὸ θαυμαζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν αἰσθητὸν φῶς ἐχρῆν προσκυνεῖσθαι ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ νοητὸν καὶ ἀληθινόν, εἴπερ καὶ οἱ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἀστέρες ζῷά εἰσι λογικὰ καὶ σπουδαῖα καὶ ἐφωτίσθησαν τῷ φωτὶ τῆς γνώσεως ὑπὸ τῆς σοφίας, ἥτις ἐστὶν "ἀπαύγασμα" "φωτὸς ἀϊδίου." Καὶ γὰρ τὸ μὲν αἰσθητὸν φῶς αὐτῶν ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ τῶν ὅλων δημιουρ γοῦ· τὸ δὲ νοητὸν τάχα καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἐν αὐτοῖς αὐτεξουσίου ἐληλυθός.