Chapter XXXVII.

As there are, then, generally two laws presented to us, the one being the law of nature, of which God would be the legislator, and the other being the written law of cities, it is a proper thing, when the written law is not opposed to that of God, for the citizens not to abandon it under pretext of foreign customs; but when the law of nature, that is, the law of God, commands what is opposed to the written law, observe whether reason will not tell us to bid a long farewell to the written code, and to the desire of its legislators, and to give ourselves up to the legislator God, and to choose a life agreeable to His word, although in doing so it may be necessary to encounter dangers, and countless labours, and even death and dishonour.  For when there are some laws in harmony with the will of God, which are opposed to others which are in force in cities, and when it is impracticable to please God (and those who administer laws of the kind referred to), it would be absurd to contemn those acts by means of which we may please the Creator of all things, and to select those by which we shall become displeasing to God, though we may satisfy unholy laws, and those who love them.  But since it is reasonable in other matters to prefer the law of nature, which is the law of God, before the written law, which has been enacted by men in a spirit of opposition to the law of God, why should we not do this still more in the case of those laws which relate to God?  Neither shall we, like the Ethiopians who inhabit the parts about Meroe, worship, as is their pleasure, Jupiter and Bacchus only; nor shall we at all reverence Ethiopian gods in the Ethiopian manner; nor, like the Arabians, shall we regard Urania and Bacchus alone as divinities; nor in any degree at all deities in which the difference of sex has been a ground of distinction (as among the Arabians, who worship Urania as a female, and Bacchus as a male deity); nor shall we, like all the Egyptians, regard Osiris and Isis as gods; nor shall we enumerate Athena among these, as the Saïtes are pleased to do.  And if to the ancient inhabitants of Naucratis it seemed good to worship other divinities, while their modern descendants have begun quite recently to pay reverence to Serapis, who never was a god at all, we shall not on that account assert that a new being who was not formerly a god, nor at all known to men, is a deity.  For the Son of God, “the First-born of all creation,” although He seemed recently to have become incarnate, is not by any means on that account recent.  For the holy Scriptures know Him to be the most ancient of all the works of creation;1132    πρεσβύτατον πάντων τῶν δημιουργημάτων. for it was to Him that God said regarding the creation of man, “Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness.”1133    Cf. Gen. i. 26.

∆ύο τοίνυν νόμων προκειμένων γενικῶς, καὶ τοῦ μὲν ὄντος τῆς φύσεως νόμου, ὃν θεὸς ἂν νομοθετήσαι, ἑτέρου δὲ τοῦ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτοῦ, καλὸν ὅπου μὲν μὴ ἐναντιοῦται ὁ γραπτὸς νόμος τῷ τοῦ θεοῦ μὴ λυπεῖν τοὺς πολίτας προφάσει ξένων νόμων· ἔνθα δὲ τὰ ἐναντία τῷ γραπτῷ νόμῳ προστάσσει ὁ τῆς φύσεως τουτέστι τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅρα εἰ μὴ ὁ λόγος αἱρεῖ μακρὰν μὲν χαίρειν εἰπεῖν τοῖς γεγραμμένοις καὶ τῷ βουλήματι τῶν νομοθετῶν, ἐπιδιδόναι δὲ ἑαυτὸν τῷ θεῷ νομοθέτῃ καὶ κατὰ τὸν τούτου λόγον αἱρεῖσθαι βιοῦν, κἂν μετὰ κινδύνων καὶ μυρίων πόνων καὶ θανάτων καὶ ἀδοξίας τοῦτο δέῃ ποιεῖν. Καὶ γὰρ ἄτοπον, τῶν ἀρεσκόντων τῷ θεῷ ἑτέρων ὄντων παρὰ τὰ ἀρέσκοντά τισι τῶν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι νόμων, καὶ ἀμηχάνου τυγχάνοντος ἀρέσκειν θεῷ καὶ τοῖς πρεσβεύουσι τοὺς τοιούσδε νόμους, καταφρονεῖν μὲν πράξεων, δι' ὧν ἀρέσει τις τῷ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργῷ, αἱρεῖσθαι δὲ ἐκείνας, ἐξ ὧν ἀπάρεστος μέν τις ἔσται τῷ θεῷ, ἀρεστὸς δὲ τοῖς οὐ νόμοις νόμοις καὶ τοῖς τούτων φίλοις. Εἴπερ δὲ εὔλογον ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τὸν τῆς φύσεως προτιμᾶν νόμον, ὄντα νόμον τοῦ θεοῦ, παρὰ τὸν γεγραμμένον καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐναντίως τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ θεοῦ νενομοθε τημένον, πῶς οὐχὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεοῦ νόμοις ποιητέον; Καὶ οὔτε ὡς Αἰθίοπες, οἱ τὰ περὶ τὴν Μερόην οἰκοῦντες, ∆ία καὶ ∆ιόνυσον, ὡς ἐκείνοις ἀρέσκει, μόνους προσκυνήσομεν, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὅλως αἰθιοπικοὺς θεοὺς αἰθιο πικῶς τιμήσομεν· οὔθ' ὡς οἱ Ἀράβιοι τὴν Οὐρανίαν καὶ τὸν ∆ιόνυσον μόνους ἡγησόμεθα θεούς, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὅλως θεούς, ἐν οἷς τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν δεδόξασται–ὡς θήλειαν γὰρ Ἀράβιοι τὴν Οὐρανίαν προσκυνοῦσι καὶ ὡς ἄρρενα τὸν ∆ιόνυσον–· ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὡς πάντες Αἰγύπτιοι θεοὺς νομίσομεν Ὄσιριν καὶ Ἶσιν, οὐδὲ τούτοις συγκατατάξομεν κατὰ τὰ τοῖς Σαΐταις [δοκοῦντα] τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ Ναυκρα τίταις ἄλλα μὲν ἔδοξε σέβειν τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις, τὸν Σάραπιν δὲ τοῖς χθὲς καὶ πρώην ἀρξαμένοις, τὸν οὐ πώποτε γενόμενον θεόν, προσκυνεῖν· οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡμεῖς νέον τὸν οὐ πρότερον ὄντα θεὸν οὐδὲ γνωσθέντα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις φήσομεν εἶναι. Ὁ δὲ τοῦ θεοῦ υἱός, ὁ "πρωτότοκος πάσης κτί σεως", εἰ καὶ νεωστὶ ἐνηνθρωπηκέναι ἔδοξεν, ἀλλ' οὔτι γε διὰ τοῦτο νέος ἐστί. Πρεσβύτατον γὰρ αὐτὸν πάντων τῶν δημιουργημάτων ἴσασιν οἱ θεῖοι λόγοι, καὶ αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου δημιουργίας εἰρηκέναι· "Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν."