Chapter XLV.

As Celsus, however, is of opinion that it matters nothing whether the highest being be called Jupiter, or Zen, or Adonai, or Sabaoth, or Ammoun (as the Egyptians term him), or Pappæus (as the Scythians entitle him), let us discuss the point for a little, reminding the reader at the same time of what has been said above upon this question, when the language of Celsus led us to consider the subject.  And now we maintain that the nature of names is not, as Aristotle supposes, an enactment of those who impose them.1149    ὅτι ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων φύσις οὐ θεμένων εἰσὶ νόμοι.  For the languages which are prevalent among men do not derive their origin from men, as is evident to those who are able to ascertain the nature of the charms which are appropriated by the inventors of the languages differently, according to the various tongues, and to the varying pronunciations of the names, on which we have spoken briefly in the preceding pages, remarking that when those names which in a certain language were possessed of a natural power were translated into another, they were no longer able to accomplish what they did before when uttered in their native tongues.  And the same peculiarity is found to apply to men; for if we were to translate the name of one who was called from his birth by a certain appellation in the Greek language into the Egyptian or Roman, or any other tongue, we could not make him do or suffer the same things which he would have done or suffered under the appellation first bestowed upon him.  Nay, even if we translated into the Greek language the name of an individual who had been originally invoked in the Roman tongue, we could not produce the result which the incantation professed itself capable of accomplishing had it preserved the name first conferred upon him.  And if these statements are true when spoken of the names of men, what are we to think of those which are transferred, for any cause whatever, to the Deity?  For example, something is transferred1150    μεταλαμβάνεται γάρ τι, φερ᾽ εἰπεῖν.  In the editions of Hœschel and Spencer, τι is wanting. from the name Abraham when translated into Greek, and something is signified by that of Isaac, and also by that of Jacob; and accordingly, if any one, either in an invocation or in swearing an oath, were to use the expression, “the God of Abraham,” and “the God of Isaac,” and “the God of Jacob,” he would produce certain effects, either owing to the nature of these names or to their powers, since even demons are vanquished and become submissive to him who pronounces these names; whereas if we say, “the god of the chosen father of the echo, and the god of laughter, and the god of him who strikes with the heel,”1151    ὁ θεὸς πατρὸς ἐκλεκτοῦ τῆς ἠχοῦς, καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ γέλωτος, καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πτερνιστοῦ.  Cf. note in Benedictine ed. the mention of the name is attended with no result, as is the case with other names possessed of no power.  And in the same way, if we translate the word “Israel” into Greek or any other language, we shall produce no result; but if we retain it as it is, and join it to those expressions to which such as are skilled in these matters think it ought to be united, there would then follow some result from the pronunciation of the word which would accord with the professions of those who employ such invocations.  And we may say the same also of the pronunciation of “Sabaoth,” a word which is frequently employed in incantations; for if we translate the term into “Lord of hosts,” or “Lord of armies,” or “Almighty” (different acceptation of it having been proposed by the interpreters), we shall accomplish nothing; whereas if we retain the original pronunciation, we shall, as those who are skilled in such matters maintain, produce some effect.  And the same observation holds good of Adonai.  If, then, neither “Sabaoth” nor “Adonai,” when rendered into what appears to be their meaning in the Greek tongue, can accomplish anything, how much less would be the result among those who regard it as a matter of indifference whether the highest being be called Jupiter, or Zen, or Adonai, or Sabaoth!

Ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ Κέλσος οἴεται μηδὲν διαφέρειν ∆ία Ὕψιστον καλεῖν ἢ Ζῆνα ἢ Ἀδωναῖον ἢ Σαβαὼθ ἤ, ὡς Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἀμοῦν ἤ, ὡς Σκύθαι, Παπαῖον, φέρε καὶ περὶ τούτων ὀλίγα διαλεχθῶμεν, ὑπομιμνήσκοντες ἅμα τὸν ἐντυγχάνοντα καὶ τῶν ἀνωτέρω εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον πρόβλημα εἰρημένων, ὅτ' ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ἡ Κέλσου λέξις ἐπὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Καὶ νῦν οὖν φαμεν ὅτι ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων φύσις οὐ θεμένων εἰσὶ νόμοι, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης οἴεται. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχουσιν αἱ ἐν ἀνθρώποις διάλεκτοι, ὡς δῆλον τοῖς ἐφιστάνειν δυναμένοις φύσει ἐπῳδῶν, οἰκειουμένων κατὰ τὰς διαφόρους διαλέκτους καὶ τοὺς διαφόρους φθόγγους τῶν ὀνομάτων τοῖς πατράσι τῶν διαλέκτων· περὶ ὧν ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέρω ἐπ' ὀλίγον διειλήφαμεν, λέγοντες ὅτι καὶ μεταλαμ βανόμενα εἰς ἄλλην διάλεκτον τὰ πεφυκότα δύνασθαι ἐν τῇ δεῖνα διαλέκτῳ οὐκέτι ἀνύει τι, ὡς ἤνυσεν ἐν ταῖς οἰκείαις φωναῖς. Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐπ' ἀνθρώπων τὸ τοιοῦτον εὑρίσκεται· τὸν γὰρ ἀπὸ γενέσεως ἑλλάδι διαλέκτῳ καλούμενον τὸν δεῖνα οὐκ ἂν μεταλαβόντες εἰς διάλεκτον Αἰγυπτίων ἢ Ῥωμαίων ἤ τινος ἄλλου ποιήσαιμεν παθεῖν ἢ δρᾶσαι, ἅπερ πάθοι ἢ δράσαι ἂν καλούμενος τῇ πρώτῃ θέσει τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς Ῥωμαίων κληθέντα φωνῇ εἰ μεταλάβοιμεν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑλλάδα διάλεκτον, ποιήσαιμεν ἄν, ὅπερ ποιεῖν ἐπαγγέλλεται ἡ ἐπῳδή, τηροῦσα τὸ κατονο μασθὲν αὐτῷ πρῶτον ὄνομα. Εἰ δὲ ταῦτα περὶ ἀνθρωπίνων ὀνομάτων λεγόμενά ἐστιν ἀληθῆ, τί χρὴ νομίζειν ἐπὶ τῶν δι' ἡνδήποτε αἰτίαν ἀναφε ρομένων ἐπὶ τὸ θεῖον ὀνομάτων; Μεταλαμβάνεται γάρ τι φέρ' εἰπεῖν εἰς ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ὀνόματος καὶ σημαίνεταί τι ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰσαὰκ προσηγορίας καὶ δηλοῦταί τι ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰακὼβ φωνῆς. Καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ὁ καλῶν ἢ ὁ ὁρκῶν ὀνομάζῃ θεὸν Ἀβραὰμ καὶ θεὸν Ἰσαὰκ καὶ θεὸν Ἰακώβ,τόδε τι ποιήσαι ἂν ἤτοι διὰ τὴν τούτων τῶν ὀνομάτων φύσιν ἢ καὶ δύναμιν αὐτῶν, καὶ δαιμόνων νικωμένων καὶ ὑποταττομένων τῷ λέγοντι ταῦτα· ἐὰν δὲ λέγῃ· ὁ θεὸς πατρὸς ἐκλεκτοῦ τῆς ἠχοῦς καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ γέλωτος καὶ ὁ θεὸς τοῦ πτερνιστοῦ, οὕτως οὐδὲν ποιεῖ τὸ ὀνομαζόμενον ὡς οὐδ' ἄλλο τι τῶν μηδεμίαν δύναμιν ἐχόντων. Οὕτω δὲ κἂν μὲν μεταλάβωμεν τὸ Ἰσραὴλ ὄνομα εἰς ἑλλάδα ἢ ἄλλην διάλεκτον, οὐδὲν ποιήσομεν· ἐὰν δὲ τηρήσωμεν αὐτό, προσάπτοντες οἷς οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοὶ συμπλέκειν αὐτὸ ᾠήθησαν, τότε γένοιτ' ἄν τι κατὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τῶν τοιωνδὶ ἐπικλήσεων ἐκ τῆς τοιασδὶ φωνῆς. Τὸ δ' ὅμοιον ἐροῦμεν καὶ περὶ τῆς Σαβαὼθ φωνῆς, πολλαχοῦ τῶν ἐπῳδῶν παραλαμβανομένης, ὅτι μεταλαμβάνοντες μὲν τὸ ὄνομα εἰς τὸ "κύριος τῶν δυνάμεων" ἢ "κύριος στρατιῶν" ἢ "παντοκράτωρ"– διαφόρως γὰρ αὐτὸ ἐξεδέξαντο οἱ ἑρμηνεύοντες αὐτό–, οὐδὲν ποιήσομεν· τηροῦντες δ' αὐτὸ ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις φθόγγοις, ποιήσομέν τι, ὥς φασιν οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοί. Τὸ δ' ὅμοιον ἐροῦμεν καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ἀδωναΐ. Εἴπερ οὖν οὔτε τὸ Σαβαὼθ οὔτε τὸ Ἀδωναΐ, μεταλαμβανόμενα εἰς ἃ δοκεῖ σημαίνειν ἐν ἑλλάδι φωνῇ, ἀνύει τι, πόσῳ πλέον οὐδὲν ἂν ποιήσαι οὐδὲ δυνηθείη παρὰ τοῖς μηδὲν διαφέρειν οἰομένοις ∆ία Ὕψιστον καλεῖν ἢ Ζῆνα ἢ Ἀδωναῖον ἢ Σαβαώθ;