Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

But neither do the Jews pride themselves upon abstaining from swine’s flesh, as if it were some great thing; but upon their having ascertained the nature of clean and unclean animals, and the cause of the distinction, and of swine being classed among the unclean. And these distinctions were signs of certain things until the advent of Jesus; after whose coming it was said to His disciple, who did not yet comprehend the doctrine concerning these matters, but who said, “Nothing that is common or unclean hath entered into my mouth,”1163 Cf. Acts x. 14. “What God hath cleansed, call not thou common.” It therefore in no way affects either the Jews or us that the Egyptian priests abstain not only from the flesh of swine, but also from that of goats, and sheep, and oxen, and fish. But since it is not that “which entereth into the mouth that defiles a man,” and since “meat does not commend us to God,” we do not set great store on refraining from eating, nor yet are we induced to eat from a gluttonous appetite. And therefore, so far as we are concerned, the followers of Pythagoras, who abstain from all things that contain life may do as they please; only observe the different reason for abstaining from things that have life on the part of the Pythagoreans and our ascetics. For the former abstain on account of the fable about the transmigration of souls, as the poet says:—

“And some one, lifting up his beloved son,

Will slay him after prayer; O how foolish he!”1164 καί τις φίλον υἱὸν ἀείρας, σφάξει ἐπευχόμενος μέγα νήπιος. —A verse of Empedocles, quoted by Plutarch, de Superstitione, c. xii. Spencer. Cf. note in loc. in Benedictine edition.

We, however, when we do abstain, do so because “we keep under our body, and bring it into subjection,”1165 Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 27. and desire “to mortify our members that are upon the earth, fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence;”1166 Cf. Col. iii. 5. and we use every effort to “mortify the deeds of the flesh.”1167 Cf. Rom. viii. 13.

Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῷ συῶν ἀπέχεσθαι ὡς μεγάλῳ τινὶ Ἰουδαῖοι σεμνύνονται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ τὴν καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων ζῴων φύσιν μεμαθηκέναι καὶ τὴν τούτου αἰτίαν ἐγνωκέναι καὶ τὸν σῦν ἐν ἀκαθάρτοις τετάχθαι. Καὶ ταῦτα δὲ σύμβολά τινων ἦν μέχρι τῆς Ἰησοῦ ἐπιδημίας, μεθ' ἣν τῷ μαθητῇ αὐτοῦ λέλεκται, μηδέπω νοοῦντι τὸν περὶ τούτων λόγον καὶ φάσκοντι· "Οὐδὲν κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ στόμα μου", τό· "Ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισε σὺ μὴ κοίνου." Οὔτ' οὖν πρὸς Ἰουδαίους οὔτε πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐστι τὸ οὐ μόνον συῶν ἀλλὰ προσέτι αἰγῶν καὶ οἰῶν καὶ βοῶν καὶ ἰχθύων ἀπέχεσθαι τοὺς Αἰγυπτίων ἱερεῖς. Ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ "οὐ τὰ εἰσερχόμενα εἰς τὸ στόμα κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον", καὶ "βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ", οὐ μέγα φρονοῦμεν μὴ ἐσθίοντες οὐδ' ἀπὸ γαστριμαργίας ἥκομεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἐσθίειν. ∆ιόπερ τὸ ὅσον ἐφ' ἡμῖν οἱ ἀπὸ Πυθαγόρου ἐμψύχων ἀπεχόμενοι χαιρόντων. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ τὴν διαφορὰν τοῦ αἰτίου τῆς τῶν ἐμψύχων ἀποχῆς τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Πυθαγόρου καὶ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν ἀσκητῶν. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν περὶ ψυχῆς μετενσωματουμένης μῦθον ἐμψύχων ἀπέχονται· καὶ τίς φίλον υἱὸν ἀείρας σφάξει ἐπευχόμενος μέγα νήπιος; Ἡμεῖς δὲ κἂν τὸ τοιοῦτο πράττωμεν, ποιοῦμεν αὐτό, ἐπεὶ ὑπωπιάζομεν "τὸ σῶμα" καὶ δουλαγωγοῦμεν καὶ βουλόμεθα νεκροῦν "τὰ μέλη τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, πορνείαν, ἀκαθαρσίαν, ἀσέλγειαν, πάθος, ἐπιθυμίαν κακήν"· καὶ πάντα γε πράττομεν, ἵνα "τὰς πράξεις τοῦ σώματος" θανατώσωμεν.