Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Since Celsus, moreover, from a desire to depreciate the accounts which our Scriptures give of the kingdom of God, has quoted none of them, as if they were unworthy of being recorded by him (or perhaps because he was unacquainted with them), while, on the other hand, he quotes the sayings of Plato, both from his Epistles and the Phædrus, as if these were divinely inspired, but our Scriptures were not, let us set forth a few points, for the sake of comparison with these plausible declarations of Plato, which did not however, dispose the philosopher to worship in a manner worthy of him the Maker of all things. For he ought not to have adulterated or polluted this worship with what we call “idolatry,” but what the many would describe by the term “superstition.” Now, according to a Hebrew figure of speech, it is said of God in the eighteenth Psalm, that “He made darkness His secret place,”1295 Cf. Ps. xviii. 11. to signify that those notions which should be worthily entertained of God are invisible and unknowable, because God conceals Himself in darkness, as it were, from those who cannot endure the splendours of His knowledge, or are incapable of looking at them, partly owing to the pollution of their understanding, which is clothed with the body of mortal lowliness, and partly owing to its feebler power of comprehending God. And in order that it may appear that the knowledge of God has rarely been vouchsafed to men, and has been found in very few individuals, Moses is related to have entered into the darkness where God was.1296 Cf. Ex. xx. 21. And again, with regard to Moses it is said: “Moses alone shall come near the Lord, but the rest shall not come nigh.”1297 Cf. Ex. xxiv. 2. And again, that the prophet may show the depth of the doctrines which relate to God, and which is unattainable by those who do not possess the “Spirit which searcheth all things, even the deep things of God,” he added: “The abyss like a garment is His covering.”1298 Cf. Ps. civ. 6. Nay, our Lord and Saviour, the Logos of God, manifesting that the greatness of the knowledge of the Father is appropriately comprehended and known pre-eminently by Him alone, and in the second place by those whose minds are enlightened by the Logos Himself and God, declares: “No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father but the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal Him.”1299 Cf. Matt. xi. 27. For no one can worthily know the “uncreated”1300 ἀγένητον. Locus diligenter notandus, ubi Filius e creaturarum numero diserte eximitur, dum ἀγένητος dicitur. At non dissimulandum in unico Cod. Anglicano secundo legi: τὸν γεννητόν: cf. Origenianorum, lib. ii. quæstio 2, num. 23.—Ruæus. and first-born of all created nature like the Father who begat Him, nor any one the Father like the living Logos, and His Wisdom and Truth.1301 [Bishop Bull, in the Defensio Fidei Nicenæ, book ii. cap. ix. 9, says, “In these words, which are clearer than any light, Origen proves the absolutely divine and uncreated nature of the Son.” S.] By sharing in Him who takes away from the Father what is called “darkness,” which He “made His secret place,” and “the abyss,” which is called His “covering,” and in this way unveiling the Father, every one knows the Father who1302 ὅ τι ποτ᾽ ἂν χωρῇ γιγνώσκειν. Boherellus proposes ὅστις ποτ᾽ ἂν χωρῇ, etc. is capable of knowing Him.

Ἐπεὶ δ' ἑξῆς ἐξευτελίσαι βουλόμενος τὰ περὶ βασιλείας θεοῦ γεγραμμένα παρ' ἡμῖν τούτων μὲν οὐδὲν παρέθετο ὡς οὐδὲ τῆς παρ' αὐτῷ ἄξιον ἀναγραφῆς, τάχα ἐπεὶ μηδὲ ᾔδει αὐτά, Πλάτωνος δὲ λέξεις ἐκτίθεται ἀπό τε τῶν ἐπιστολῶν καὶ τοῦ Φαίδρου, ὡς τούτων μὲν ἐνθέως εἰρη μένων, οὐδὲν δὲ τοιοῦτον ἐχόντων τῶν ἡμετέρων γραμμάτων· φέρε ὀλίγα παραβάλωμεν παραθέσεως ἕνεκεν τῆς πρὸς τὰ Πλάτωνι οὐκ ἀπιθάνως μὲν εἰρημένα, οὐ μὴν καὶ διαθέντα τὸν φιλόσοφον ἀξίως κἂν αὐτῷ ἀναστραφῆναι ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν ποιητὴν τῶν ὅλων εὐσεβείᾳ· ἣν ἐχρῆν μὴ νοθεύειν μηδὲ μιαίνειν τῇ, ὡς ἡμεῖς ὀνομάζομεν, εἰδωλολατρείᾳ, ὡς δὲ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ λέγοιεν ἂν χρώμενοι τῷ ὀνόματι, καὶ τῇ δεισι δαιμονίᾳ. Τρόπῳ δὴ ἑβραϊκῷ τινι λέγεται περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ἑπτακαι δεκάτῳ ψαλμῷ ὅτι "Ἔθετο σκότος ἀποκρυφὴν ὁ θεός"· ἵνα δηλωθῇ ὅτι ἀφανῆ καὶ ἄγνωστά ἐστι τὰ κατ' ἀξίαν νοηθέντα ἂν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀποκρύψαντος ἑαυτὸν οἱονεὶ ἐν σκότῳ τοῖς μὴ φέρουσι τὰς τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ μαρμαρυγὰς μηδὲ δυναμένοις αὐτὸν ὁρᾶν πῇ μὲν διὰ τὸν μιασμὸν τοῦ νοῦ, σώματι "ταπεινώσεως" ἀνθρώπων ἐνδεδεμένου, πῇ δὲ διὰ τὴν βραχυτέραν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ τῆς κατανοήσεως τοῦ θεοῦ. Ἵνα δὲ δηλωθῇ τὸ σπανίως εἰς ἀνθρώπους φθάνον καὶ ἐν πάνυ ὀλίγοις εὑρισκόμενον τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ θεοῦ, Μωϋσῆς ἀναγέγραπται εἰσεληλυθέναι "εἰς τὸν γνόφον, ὅπου ἦν ὁ θεός"· καὶ περὶ Μωϋσέως πάλιν· "Ἐγγιεῖ Μωϋσῆς μόνος πρὸς τὸν θεόν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ οὐκ ἐγγιοῦσι." Πάλιν τε αὖ ἵνα τὸ βάθος παραστήσῃ ὁ προφήτης τῶν περὶ θεοῦ δογμάτων, ἄληπτον τυγχάνον τοῖς μὴ ἔχουσι "πνεῦμα" τὸ πάντ' ἐρευνῶν, ἐρευνῶν δὲ "καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ θεοῦ", εἶπε τό· "Ἄβυσσος ὡς ἱμάτιον τὸ περιβόλαιον αὐτοῦ." Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν καὶ κύριος λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ μέγεθος παριστὰς τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ πατρός, ὅτι κατ' ἀξίαν προηγουμένως αὐτῷ μόνῳ λαμβάνεται καὶ γινώσκεται, δευτέρως δὲ τοῖς ἐλλαμπομένοις τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ λόγου καὶ θεοῦ, φησίν· "Οὐδεὶς ἔγνω τὸν υἱὸν εἰ μὴ ὁ πατήρ, οὐδὲ τὸν πατέρα εἰ μὴ ὁ υἱὸς καὶ ᾧ ἂν ὁ υἱὸς ἀποκα λύψῃ." Οὔτε γὰρ τὸν ἀγένητον καὶ πάσης γενητῆς φύσεως πρωτότοκον κατ' ἀξίαν εἰδέναι τις δύναται ὡς ὁ γεννήσας αὐτὸν πατήρ, οὔτε τὸν πατέρα ὡς ὁ ἔμψυχος λόγος καὶ σοφία αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀλήθεια· οὗ μετοχῇ περιαιροῦντος ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς τὸ λεγόμενον "σκότος", ὃ "ἔθετο ἀποκρυφὴν αὐτοῦ", καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον "περιβόλαιον" αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἄβυσσον, καὶ ἀποκαλύπτοντος οὕτω τὸν πατέρα ὅστις ποτ' ἂν χωρῇ γινώσκειν αὐτὸν γινώσκει.