Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Celsus, again, brings together a number of statements, which he gives as admissions on our part, but which no intelligent Christian would allow. For not one of us asserts that “God partakes of form or colour.” Nor does He even partake of “motion,” because He stands firm, and His nature is permanent, and He invites the righteous man also to do the same, saying: “But as for thee, stand thou here by Me.”1536 Deut. v. 31. And if certain expressions indicate a kind of motion, as it were, on His part, such as this, “They heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day,”1537 Cf. Gen. iii. 8. we must understand them in this way, that it is by sinners that God is understood as moving, or as we understand the “sleep” of God, which is taken in a figurative sense, or His “anger,” or any other similar attribute. But “God does not partake even of substance.”1538 οὐσία. For He is partaken of (by others) rather than that Himself partakes of them, and He is partaken of by those who have the Spirit of God. Our Saviour, also, does not partake of righteousness; but being Himself “righteousness,” He is partaken of by the righteous. A discussion about “substance” would be protracted and difficult, and especially if it were a question whether that which is permanent and immaterial be “substance” properly so called, so that it would be found that God is beyond “substance,” communicating of His “substance,” by means of office and power,1539 πρεσβείᾳ καὶ δυνάμει. to those to whom He communicates Himself by His Word, as He does to the Word Himself; or even if He is “substance,” yet He is said be in His nature “invisible,” in these words respecting our Saviour, who is said to be “the image of the invisible God,”1540 Cf. Col. i. 15. while from the term “invisible” it is indicated that He is “immaterial.” It is also a question for investigation, whether the “only-begotten” and “first-born of every creature” is to be called “substance of substances,” and “idea of ideas,” and the “principle of all things,” while above all there is His Father and God.1541 [“It is a remarkable fact, that it was Origen who discerned the heresy outside the Church on its first rise, and actually gave the alarm, sixty years before Arius’s day. See Athanasius, De Decret. Nic., § 27; also the περὶ ἀρχῶν (if Rufinus may be trusted), for Origen’s denouncement of the still more characteristic Arianism of the ἠν ὅτε οὐκ ἦν and the ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων.”—Newman’s The Arians of the Fourth Century, p. 97. See also Hagenbach’s History of Doctrines, vol. i. pp. 130–133. S.]

Πάλιν δὲ αὖ ἑαυτῷ συνείρει πλείονα λέγων ὡς ὑφ' ἡμῶν διδόμενα, ἅπερ οὐδεὶς τῶν ἐν Χριστιανοῖς νοῦν ἐχόντων δίδωσιν. Οὐ γάρ φησί τις ἡμῶν ὅτι μετέχει σχήματος ὁ θεὸς ἢ χρώματος, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ κινήσεως μετέχει ὁ διὰ τὸ ἑστηκέναι καὶ βεβαίαν εἶναι τὴν φύσιν αὐτοῦ προκαλούμενος καὶ τὸν δίκαιον ἐπὶ τὰ παραπλήσια καὶ λέγων· "Σὺ δὲ αὐτοῦ στῆθι μετ' ἐμοῦ." Εἰ δέ τινες λέξεις οἱονεὶ κίνησίν τινα παριστᾶσιν αὐτοῦ, ὡς καὶ ἡ λέγουσα· "Ἤκουσαν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ περιπατοῦντος ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ τὸ δειλινόν", οὕτως ἀκουστέον τῶν τοιούτων ὡς κινουμένου νοουμένου τοῦ θεοῦ τοῖς ἡμαρτηκόσιν, ἢ οὕτως ἀκουστέον τῶν τοιούτων ὡς καὶ ὕπνου θεοῦ τροπικῶς λεγομένου ἢ ὀργῆς ἤ τινος τῶν παραπλησίων. Ἀλλ' οὐδ' οὐσίας μετέχει ὁ θεός· μετέχεται γὰρ μᾶλλον ἢ μετέχει, καὶ μετέχεται ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχόντων "πνεῦμα θεοῦ". Καὶ ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν οὐ μετέχει μὲν δικαιοσύνης, "δικαιο σύνη" δὲ ὢν μετέχεται ὑπὸ τῶν δικαίων. Πολὺς δ' ὁ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας λόγος καὶ δυσθεώρητος καὶ μάλιστα, ἐὰν ἡ κυρίως οὐσία ἡ ἑστῶσα καὶ ἀσώματος ᾖ· ἵν' εὑρεθῇ, πότερον ἐπέκεινα οὐσίας ἐστὶ πρεσβείᾳ καὶ δυνάμει ὁ θεὸς μεταδιδοὺς οὐσίας οἷς μεταδίδωσι κατὰ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ λόγον καὶ αὐτῷ λόγῳ, ἢ καὶ αὐτός ἐστιν οὐσία, πλὴν τῇ φύσει ἀόρατος λέγεται ἐν τῷ περὶ τοῦ σωτῆρος λόγῳ φάσκοντι· "Ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου", σημαίνεται δὲ ἐκ τῆς "ἀοράτου" φωνῆς ὁ ἀσώματος. Ζητητέον δὲ καί, εἰ οὐσίαν μὲν οὐσιῶν λεκτέον καὶ ἰδέαν ἰδεῶν καὶ ἀρχὴν τὸν μονογενῆ καὶ πρωτότοκον "πάσης κτίσεως" ἐπέκεινα δὲ πάντων τούτων τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ θεόν.