Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Celsus adds, that it was foretold to the Jews, that if they did not obey the law, they would be treated in the same way as they treated their enemies; and then he quotes from the teaching of Christ some precepts which he considers contrary to those of the law, and uses that as an argument against us. But before proceeding to this point, we must speak of that which precedes. We hold, then, that the law has a twofold sense,—the one literal, the other spiritual,—as has been shown by some before us. Of the first or literal sense it is said, not by us, but by God, speaking in one of the prophets, that “the statutes are not good, and the judgments not good;”1634 Ezek. xx. 25. whereas, taken in a spiritual sense, the same prophet makes God say that “His statutes are good, and His judgments good.” Yet evidently the prophet is not saying things which are contradictory of each other. Paul in like manner says, that “the letter killeth, and the spirit giveth life,”1635 2 Cor. iii. 6. meaning by “the letter” the literal sense, and by “the spirit” the spiritual sense of Scripture. We may therefore find in Paul, as well as in the prophet, apparent contradictions. Indeed, if Ezekiel says in one place, “I gave them commandments which were not good, and judgments whereby they should not live,” and in another, “I gave them good commandments and judgments, which if a man shall do, he shall live by them,”1636 [Ezek. xx. 21, 25. S.] Paul in like manner, when he wishes to disparage the law taken literally, says, “If the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance, which glory was to be done away; how shall not the ministration of the Spirit be rather glorious?”1637 2 Cor. iii. 7, 8. But when in another place he wishes to praise and recommend the law, he calls it “spiritual,” and says, “We know that the law is spiritual;” and, “Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good.”1638 Rom. vii. 12, 14.

Φέρει δ' ὁ Κέλσος καὶ τὸ προειρῆσθαι αὐτοῖς μὴ πειθομένοις τῷ νόμῳ τὰ αὐτὰ πείσεσθαι, ἅπερ ἔδρων τοὺς πολεμίους. Καὶ πρὶν ἄν τι παρατιθεὶς τούτοις ὁ Κέλσος χρήσηται οἷς νομίζει ἐναντιώμασι πρὸς τὸν νόμον ἀπὸ τῆς Χριστοῦ διδασκαλίας, λεκτέον περὶ τῶν προειρημένων. Φαμὲν τοίνυν ὅτι ὁ νόμος διττός ἐστιν, ὁ μέν τις πρὸς ῥητὸν ὁ δὲ πρὸς διάνοιαν, ὡς καὶ τῶν πρὸ ἡμῶν τινες ἐδίδαξαν. Καὶ ὁ μὲν πρὸς τὸ ῥητὸν οὐ τοσοῦτον ὑφ' ἡμῶν ὅσον ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔν τινι τῶν προφητῶν λέγοντος θεοῦ εἴρηται εἶναι "δικαιώματα οὐ καλὰ" καὶ "προστάγματα οὐ καλά"· ὁ δὲ πρὸς διάνοιαν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν προφήτην ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ θεοῦ λέγεται εἶναι "δικαιώματα καλὰ" καὶ "προσ τάγματα καλά"· οὐ γὰρ προφανῶς ἐναντία λέγει ὁ προφήτης ἐν ταὐτῷ. Ὧ ἀκολούθως καὶ ὁ Παῦλος τὸ μὲν "γράμμα" εἶπεν ἀποκτέννειν, ὅπερ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ [πρὸς] τὸ ῥητόν· "τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα" ζῳοποιεῖν, ὅπερ ἰσοδυναμεῖ τῷ πρὸς διάνοιαν. Ἔστι γοῦν παρὰ τῷ Παύλῳ ἀνάλογόν τι εὑρεῖν τοῖς νομισθεῖσιν ἂν ἐναντιώμασι κατὰ τὸν προφήτην. Ὡς γὰρ ὅπου μὲν Ἰεζεκιὴλ λέγει· "Ἔδωκα αὐτοῖςδικαιώματα οὐ καλὰ καὶ προστάγματα οὐ καλά, ἐν οἷς οὐ ζήσονται ἐν αὐτοῖς", ὅπου δέ· "Ἔδωκα αὐτοῖς δικαιώματα καλὰ καὶ προστάγματα καλά, ἐν οἷς ζήσονται ἐν αὐτοῖς", ἤτοι ἰσοδυναμοῦν γε τούτοις· οὕτω καὶ ὁ Παῦλος, ὅπου μὲν τὸ τοῦ νομικοῦ γράμματος διαβαλεῖν θέλει, φησίν· "Εἰ δὲ ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου [ἐν] γράμμασιν ἐντετυπω μένη λίθοις ἐγενήθη ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι ἀτενίσαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον Μωϋσέως διὰ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ τὴν καταργουμένην, πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἡ διακονία τοῦ πνεύματος ἔσται ἐν δόξῃ;" Ὅπου δὲ θαυμάζει τὸν νόμον καὶ ἀποδέχεται, πνευματικὸν αὐτὸν ὀνομάζει λέγων· "Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι ὁ νόμος πνευματικός ἐστιν", ἀποδέχεται δὲ ἐν τῷ· "Ὥστε ὁ μὲν νόμος ἅγιος, καὶ ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή."