Chapter XXXIX.

Now let us hear what it is that he invites us to learn, that we may ascertain from him how we are to know God, although he thinks that his words are beyond the capacity of all Christians.  “Let them hear,” says he, “if they are able to do so.”  We have then to consider what the philosopher wishes us to hear from him.  But instead of instructing us as he ought, he abuses us; and while he should have shown his goodwill to those whom he addresses at the outset of his discourse, he stigmatizes as “a cowardly race” men who would rather die than abjure Christianity even by a word, and who are ready to suffer every form of torture, or any kind of death.  He also applies to us that epithet “carnal” or “flesh-indulging,” “although,” as we are wont to say, “we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth we know Him no more,”1697    2 Cor. v. 16. and although we are so ready to lay down our lives for the cause of religion, that no philosopher could lay aside his robes more readily.  He then addresses to us these words:  “If, instead of exercising your senses, you look upwards with the soul; if, turning away the eye of the body, you open the eye of the mind, thus and thus only you will be able to see God.”  He is not aware that this reference to the two eyes, the eye of the body and the eye of the mind, which he has borrowed from the Greeks, was in use among our own writers; for Moses, in his account of the creation of the world, introduces man before his transgression as both seeing and not seeing:  seeing, when it is said of the woman, “The woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise;”1698    Gen. iii. 6. and again not seeing, as when he introduces the serpent saying to the woman, as if she and her husband had been blind, “God knows that on the day that ye eat thereof your eyes shall be opened;”1699    Gen. iii. 5. and also when it is said, “They did eat, and the eyes of both of them were opened.”1700    Gen. iii. 7.  The eyes of sense were then opened, which they had done well to keep shut, that they might not be distracted, and hindered from seeing with the eyes of the mind; and it was those eyes of the mind which in consequence of sin, as I imagine, were then closed, with which they had up to that time enjoyed the delight of beholding God and His paradise.  This twofold kind of vision in us was familiar to our Saviour, who says, “For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not, might see, and that they which see might be made blind,”1701    John ix. 39.—meaning, by the eyes that see not, the eyes of the mind, which are enlightened by His teaching; and the eyes which see are the eyes of sense, which His words do render blind, in order that the soul may look without distraction upon proper objects.  All true Christians therefore have the eye of the mind sharpened, and the eye of sense closed; so that each one, according to the degree in which his better eye is quickened, and the eye of sense darkened, sees and knows the Supreme God, and His Son, who is the Word, Wisdom, and so forth.

Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τίνα ἡμᾶς καλεῖ, ἵν' αὐτοῦ ἀκού σωμεν, τίνι τρόπῳ γνωσόμεθα τὸν θεόν· ἐφ' οἷς οἴεται μηδένα Χριστιανῶν ἐπαΐειν δύνασθαι τῶν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ λεγομένων, φησὶ γάρ· Ὅμως δ' οὖν ἀκουσάτωσαν, εἴ τι καὶ ἐπαΐειν δύνανται. Τίνων οὖν ἡμᾶς ἀκούειν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ λεγομένων βούλεται, κατανοητέον, ὁ φιλόσοφος. ∆έον διδάσκειν ἡμᾶς, ὁ δὲ διαλοιδορεῖται· καὶ δέον εὔνοιαν ἑαυτοῦ δεῖξαι ἐν τῷ προοιμίῳ τῶν λόγων τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀκούοντας, ὁ δὲ φησι τοῖς ἕως θανάτου ἀποθνῄσκουσιν, ἵνα μὴ ἐξομόσωνται μηδὲ μέχρι φωνῆς τὸν χριστιανισμόν, καὶ παρεσκευασμένοις πρὸς πᾶσαν αἰκίαν καὶ πάντα τρόπον θανάτου· ὡς δειλὸν γένος. Λέγει δ' ἡμᾶς εἶναι καὶ φιλοσώ ματον γένος, τοὺς φάσκοντας· "Εἰ καὶ Χριστόν ποτε κατὰ σάρκα ἐγνώκαμεν, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι γινώσκομεν" καὶ οὕτω προχείρως ὑπὲρ εὐσεβείας τιθέντας τὸ σῶμα, ὡς οὐδὲ τὸ ἱμάτιον ἀποδύσαιτ' ἂν εὐχερῶς φιλόσοφος. Φησὶν οὖν πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὅτι, ἐὰν αἰσθήσεσι μύσαντες ἀναβλέ ψητε νῷ καὶ σαρκὸς ἀποστραφέντες ὀφθαλμὸν τὸν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐγείρητε, μόνως οὕτως τὸν θεὸν ὄψεσθε, καὶ οἴεται αὐτά – λέγω δὴ τὰ περὶ διττῶν ὀφθαλμῶν–ἀπὸ Ἑλλήνων λαβὼν μὴ προπεφιλοσοφῆσθαι παρ' ἡμῖν. Λεκτέον δ' ὅτι Μωϋσῆς ἀναγράφων τὴν κοσμοποιΐαν εἰσάγει τὸν ἄνθρωπον πρὸ μὲν τῆς παραβάσεως πῇ μὲν βλέποντα πῇ δὲ μὴ βλέποντα, βλέποντα μὲν ἐν τῷ λέγεσθαι περὶ τῆς γυναικὸς ὅτι "Εἶδεν ἡ γυνὴ ὅτι καλὸν τὸ ξύλον εἰς βρῶσιν, καὶ ὅτι ἀρεστὸν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἰδεῖν καὶ ὡραῖόν ἐστι τοῦ κατανοῆσαι", μὴ βλέποντα δὲ οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ λέγεσθαι ὡς περὶ τυφλῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄφεως τῇ γυναικὶ τὸ "Ἤδει γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ φάγητε ἀπ' αὐτοῦ, διανοιχθήσονται οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ὑμῶν", ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ "Ἔφαγον, καὶ διηνοίχθησαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ τῶν δύο". "∆ιηνοίχθησαν" μὲν οὖν αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ τῆς αἰσθήσεως, οὓς καλῶς ἦσαν μύσαντες, ἵνα μὴ περισπώμενοι ἐμποδίζωνται βλέπειν τῷ τῆς ψυχῆς ὀφθαλμῷ· οὓς δὲ τέως εἶχον βλέποντας τῆς ψυχῆς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ εὐφραινομένους ἐπὶ τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῷ παραδείσῳ αὐτοῦ, τούτους οἶμαι διὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἔμυσαν. Ὅθεν καὶ ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν, τὸ διττὸν τοῦτο τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἐπιστάμενος εἶδος ἐν ἡμῖν, φησὶ τό· "Εἰς κρίμα ἐγὼ εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον εἰσῆλθον, ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέπωσι καὶ οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται", μὴ βλέποντας μὲν αἰνιττόμενος τοὺς τῆς ψυχῆς ὀφθαλμούς, οὓς ὁ λόγος ποιεῖ βλέπειν, βλέποντας δὲ τοὺς τῶν αἰσθήσεων· τούτους δὲ ἐτύφλου ὁ λόγος, ἵνα ἀπερισπάστως ἡ ψυχὴ βλέπῃ ἃ δεῖ. Παντὸς οὖν τοῦ κατὰ τρόπον χριστιανίζοντος ὁ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐγήγερται ὀφθαλμὸς καὶ ὁ τῆς αἰσθήσεως μέμυκε· καὶ ἀνάλογον τῇ ἐγέρσει τοῦ κρείττονος ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ τῇ μύσει τῶν ὄψεων τῆς αἰσθήσεως νοεῖται καὶ θεωρεῖται ἑκάστῳ ὁ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεὸς καὶ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, λόγος καὶ σοφία τυγχάνων καὶ τὰ λοιπά.