Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

The Psalmist bears witness that divine justice employs certain evil angels to inflict calamities upon men: “He cast upon them the fierceness of His anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, sent by evil angels.”1827 Ps. lxxviii. 49. Whether demons ever go beyond this when they are suffered to do what they are ever ready, though through the restraint put upon them they are not always able to do, is a question to be solved by that man who can conceive, in so far as human nature will allow, how it accords with the divine justice, that such multitudes of human souls are separated from the body while walking in the paths which lead to certain death. “For the judgments of God are so great,” that a soul which is still clothed with a mortal body cannot comprehend them; “and they cannot be expressed: therefore by unnurtured souls”1828 Wisdom of Sol. xvii. 1. they are not in any measure to be understood. And hence, too, rash spirits, by their ignorance in these matters, and by recklessly setting themselves against the Divine Being, multiply impious objections against providence. It is not from demons, then, that men receive any of those things which meet the necessities of life, and least of all ourselves, who have been taught to make a proper use of these things. And they who partake of corn and wine, and the fruits of trees, of water and of air, do not feed with demons, but rather do they feast with divine angels, who are appointed for this purpose, and who are as it were invited to the table of the pious man, who hearkens to the precept of the word, which says, “Whether ye eat or drink, or whatever ye do, do all to the glory of God.”1829 1 Cor. x. 31. And again, in another place it is written, “Do all things in the name of God.”1830 Col. iii. 17. When, therefore, we eat and drink and breathe to the glory of God, and act in all things according to what is right, we feast with no demons, but with divine angels: “For every creature is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: for it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer.”1831 1 Tim. iv. 4, 5. But it could not be good, and it could not be sanctified, if these things were, as Celsus supposes, entrusted to the charge of demons.

Μαρτυρεῖ δὲ ὁ ὑμνῳδὸς τῷ, ὅτι θείᾳ κρίσει αὐτουργεῖ ται τὰ σκυθρωπότερα ὑπό τινων πονηρῶν ἀγγέλων, ἐν τῷ "Ἀπέστειλεν εἰς αὐτοὺς ὀργὴν θυμοῦ αὐτοῦ, θυμὸν καὶ ὀργὴν καὶ θλῖψιν ἀποστολὴν δι' ἀγγέλων πονηρῶν". Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλο τι παρὰ ταῦτα γίνεται ὅθ' οἱ δαίμονες ἐπιτρέπονται, ἀεὶ μὲν βουλόμενοι ταῦτα ποιεῖν οὐκ ἀεὶ δὲ δυνάμενοι διὰ τὸ κωλύεσθαι, ὁ δυνάμενος ἐξεταζέτω, τὴν θείαν κρίσιν κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει φανταζόμενος περὶ ἀθρόας πολλῶν ψυχῶν ἀπαλλαγῆς ἀπὸ σώματος, τοιαῖσδε ταῖς ἐπὶ τὸν μέσον θάνατον φερούσαις ὁδοῖς χρωμένων. Καὶ γὰρ "μεγάλαι μὲν αἱ κρίσεις τοῦ θεοῦ" εἰσι καὶ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος οὐ χωρηταὶ νῷ, τῷ ἔτι ἐνδεδεμένῳ θνητῷ σώματι, διὸ καὶ "δυσδιήγητοι" τυγχάνουσιν, ἀπαιδεύτοις δὲ ψυχαῖς οὐδ' ἐπὶ ποσὸν θεωρηταί· διὸ καὶ οἱ προπετέστεροι τῇ περὶ ταῦτα ἀγνοίᾳ καὶ τῇ διὰ τὴν προπέτειαν εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἐπιστασίᾳ αὔξουσι τὰ ἀσεβῆ κατὰ τῆς προνοίας δόγματα. Οὐ παρὰ δαιμόνων οὖν ἕκαστα τῶν εἰς τὰς βιωτικὰς χρείας λαμβάνομεν, μάλιστα οἱ δεόντως αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι μεμαθηκότες, οὐδὲ συνεστιῶνται δαίμοσιν οἱ σίτου καὶ οἴνου καὶ ἀκροδρύων καὶ ὕδατος καὶ ἀέρος μεταλαμβάνοντες· ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον θείοις ἀγγέλοις τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων τεταγ μένοις, οἵτινες ὡσπερεὶ καλοῦνται ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν τοῦ εὐσεβοῦς καὶ ἀκούσαντος τοῦ διδάσκοντος λόγου τὰ τοιάδε· "Εἴτε ἐσθίετε εἴτε πίνετε εἴτε τι ποιεῖτε, πάντα εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ ποιεῖτε." Καὶ πάλιν ἐν ἄλλῳ τόπῳ κεῖται· "Εἴτε ἐσθίετε εἴτε πίνετε", πάντα "ἐν ὀνόματι" θεοῦ ποιεῖτε. Ὅτε οὖν "εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ" ἐσθίομεν καὶ πίνομεν καὶ ἀναπ νέομεν καὶ κατὰ τὸν λόγον πάντα πράττομεν, οὐδενὶ τῶν δαιμόνων συνεστιώμεθα ἀλλὰ τοῖς θείοις ἀγγέλοις. Καὶ γὰρ "Πᾶν κτίσμα θεοῦ καλόν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον μετ' εὐχα ριστίας λαμβανόμενον· ἁγιάζεται γὰρ διὰ λόγου θεοῦ καὶ ἐντεύξεως". Οὐκ ἂν δὲ ἦν "καλὸν" οὐδὲ δυνατὸν ἁγιά ζεσθαι, εἰ, ὡς Κέλσος οἴεται, δαίμοσι ταῦτα ἦν προστε ταγμένα.