Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

And to regard these myths in a figurative sense, and consider Minerva as representing prudence, let any one show what were the actual facts of her history, upon which this allegory is based. For, supposing honour was given to Minerva as having been a woman of ancient times, by those who instituted mysteries and ceremonies for their followers, and who wished her name to be celebrated as that of a goddess, much more are we forbidden to pay divine honours to Minerva, if we are not permitted to worship so glorious an object as the sun, although we may celebrate its glory. Celsus, indeed, says that “we seem to do the greater honour to the great God when we sing hymns in honour of the sun and Minerva;” but we know it to be the opposite of that. For we sing hymns to the Most High alone, and His Only-begotten, who is the Word and God; and we praise God and His Only-begotten, as do also the sun, the moon, the stars, and all the host of heaven.1886 [“Origen pointed out that hymns were addressed only to God and to His Only-begotten Word, who is also God.…The hymnody of the primitive Church protected and proclaimed the truths which she taught and cherished.”—Liddon’s Bampton Lectures, On the Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, pp. 385, 386. S.] For these all form a divine chorus, and unite with the just among men in celebrating the praises of the Most High God and His Only-begotten. We have already said that we must not swear by a human king, or by what is called “the fortune of the king.” It is therefore unnecessary for us again to refute these statements: “If you are commanded to swear by a human king, there is nothing wrong in that. For to him has been given whatever there is upon earth; and whatever you receive in this life, you receive from him.” We deny, however, that all things which are on the earth have been given to the king, or that whatever we receive in this life we receive from him. For whatever we receive rightly and honourably we receive from God, and by His providence, as ripe fruits, and “corn which strengtheneth man’s heart, and the pleasant vine, and wine which rejoiceth the heart of man.”1887 Ps. civ. 15. And moreover, the fruit of the olive-tree, to make his face to shine, we have from the providence of God.

Ἵνα δὲ καὶ τροπολογῆται καὶ λέγηται φρόνησις εἶναι ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, παραστησάτω τις αὐτῆς τὴν ὑπόστασιν καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν, ὡς ὑφεστηκυίας κατὰ τὴν τροπολογίαν ταύτην. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἀρχαία τις γενομένη ἄνθρωπος ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τετίμηται, παραδόντων τοῖς ὑποχειρίοις μυστήρια καὶ τελετὰς τῶν βουληθέντων αὐτῆς τὸ ὄνομα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ὡς θεοῦ ᾄδεσθαι, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὐ χρὴ ὑμνῆσαι καὶ ὡς θεὸν δοξάσαι τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, εἴ γε οὐδὲ τὸν τηλικοῦτον ἥλιον προσκυνεῖν ἡμῖν θέμις, κἂν εὐφημῶμεν αὐτόν. Κέλσος μὲν οὖν φησι μᾶλλον ἡμᾶς σέβειν δοκεῖν τὸν μέγαν θεόν, ἂν καὶ Ἥλιον καὶ Ἀθηνᾶν ὑμνῶμεν, ἡμεῖς δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον ἴσμεν. Ὕμνους γὰρ εἰς μόνον τὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσι λέγομεν θεὸν καὶ τὸν μονογενῆ αὐτοῦ θεὸν λόγον. Καὶ ὑμνοῦμέν γε θεὸν καὶ τὸν μονογενῆ αὐτοῦ ὡς καὶ "ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη" καὶ "ἄστρα" καὶ πᾶσα ἡ οὐρανία στρατιά. Ὑμνοῦσι γὰρ πάντες οὗτοι, θεῖος ὄντες χορός, μετὰ τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις δικαίων τὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεὸν καὶ τὸν μονογενῆ αὐτοῦ. Προείπομεν μὲν οὖν μὴ δεῖν ὀμνύναι τὸν ἐν ἀνθρώποις βασιλέα ἢ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην τύχην αὐτοῦ. ∆ιὸ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον ἡμᾶς πάλιν ἀπολογεῖσθαι πρὸς τὸ κἂν ἐν ἀνθρώποις βασιλέα κελεύῃ σέ τις ὁρκωμοτεῖν, οὐδὲ τοῦτο δεινόν. ∆έδοται γὰρ τούτῳ τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς, καὶ ὅ τι ἂν λαμβάνῃς ἐν τῷ βίῳ, παρὰ τούτου λαμβάνεις. Ἡμεῖς δέ φαμεν ὅτι οὐ πάντως δέδοται τούτῳ τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς ὅλα, οὐδ' ὅ τι ἂν λαμβάνωμεν ἐν τῷ βίῳ, παρὰ τούτου λαμβάνομεν. ∆ικαίως γὰρ καὶ καλῶς λαμβά νοντες, ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς προνοίας αὐτοῦ λαμβάνομεν, οἷον ἡμέρους καρποὺς καὶ ἄρτον, στηρίζοντα "καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου", καὶ τὴν προσηνῆ ἄμπελον καὶ οἶνον, εὐφραίνοντα "καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου". Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς τῆς ἐλαίας καρποὺς ἀπὸ τῆς προνοίας ἔχομεν τοῦ θεοῦ "τοῦ ἱλαρῦναι πρόσωπον ἐν ἐλαίῳ".