Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the precepts referring to knowledge and understanding were unfittingly set down in the Old Law. For knowledge and understanding pertain to cognition. Now cognition precedes and directs action. Therefore the precepts referring to knowledge and understanding should precede the precepts of the Law referring to action. Since, then, the first precepts of the Law are those of the decalogue, it seems that precepts of knowledge and understanding should have been given a place among the precepts of the decalogue.

Objection 2: Further, learning precedes teaching, for a man must learn from another before he teaches another. Now the Old Law contains precepts about teaching---both affirmative precepts as, for example, (Dt. 4:9), "Thou shalt teach them to thy sons"---and prohibitive precepts, as, for instance, (Dt. 4:2), "You shall not add to the word that I speak to you, neither shall you take away from it." Therefore it seems that man ought to have been given also some precepts directing him to learn.

Objection 3: Further, knowledge and understanding seem more necessary to a priest than to a king, wherefore it is written (Malachi 2:7): "The lips of the priest shall keep knowledge, and they shall seek the law at his mouth," and (Osee 4:6): "Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will reject thee, that thou shalt not do the office of priesthood to Me." Now the king is commanded to learn knowledge of the Law (Dt. 17:18,19). Much more therefore should the Law have commanded the priests to learn the Law.

Objection 4: Further, it is not possible while asleep to meditate on things pertaining to knowledge and understanding: moreover it is hindered by extraneous occupations. Therefore it is unfittingly commanded (Dt. 6:7): "Thou shalt meditate upon them sitting in thy house, and walking on thy journey, sleeping and rising." Therefore the precepts relating to knowledge and understanding are unfittingly set down in the Law.

On the contrary, It is written (Dt. 4:6): "That, hearing all these precepts, they may say, Behold a wise and understanding people."

I answer that, Three things may be considered in relation to knowledge and understanding: first, the reception thereof; secondly, the use; and thirdly, their preservation. Now the reception of knowledge or understanding, is by means of teaching and learning, and both are prescribed in the Law. For it is written (Dt. 6:6): "These words which I command thee . . . shall be in thy heart." This refers to learning, since it is the duty of a disciple to apply his mind to what is said, while the words that follow---"and thou shalt tell them to thy children"---refer to teaching.

The use of knowledge and understanding is the meditation on those things which one knows or understands. In reference to this, the text goes on: "thou shalt meditate upon them sitting in thy house," etc.

Their preservation is effected by the memory, and, as regards this, the text continues---"and thou shalt bind them as a sign on thy hand, and they shall be and shall move between thy eyes. And thou shalt write them in the entry, and on the doors of thy house." Thus the continual remembrance of God's commandments is signified, since it is impossible for us to forget those things which are continually attracting the notice of our senses, whether by touch, as those things we hold in our hands, or by sight, as those things which are ever before our eyes, or to which we are continually returning, for instance, to the house door. Moreover it is clearly stated (Dt. 4:9): "Forget not the words that thy eyes have seen and let them not go out of thy heart all the days of thy life."

We read of these things also being commanded more notably in the New Testament, both in the teaching of the Gospel and in that of the apostles.

Reply to Objection 1: According to Dt. 4:6, "this is your wisdom and understanding in the sight of the nations." By this we are given to understand that the wisdom and understanding of those who believe in God consist in the precepts of the Law. Wherefore the precepts of the Law had to be given first, and afterwards men had to be led to know and understand them, and so it was not fitting that the aforesaid precepts should be placed among the precepts of the decalogue which take the first place.

Reply to Objection 2: There are also in the Law precepts relating to learning, as stated above. Nevertheless teaching was commanded more expressly than learning, because it concerned the learned, who were not under any other authority, but were immediately under the law, and to them the precepts of the Law were given. On the other hand learning concerned the people of lower degree, and these the precepts of the Law have to reach through the learned.

Reply to Objection 3: Knowledge of the Law is so closely bound up with the priestly office that being charged with the office implies being charged to know the Law: hence there was no need for special precepts to be given about the training of the priests. On the other hand, the doctrine of God's law is not so bound up with the kingly office, because a king is placed over his people in temporal matters: hence it is especially commanded that the king should be instructed by the priests about things pertaining to the law of God.

Reply to Objection 4: That precept of the Law does not mean that man should meditate on God's law of sleeping, but during sleep, i.e. that he should meditate on the law of God when he is preparing to sleep, because this leads to his having better phantasms while asleep, in so far as our movements pass from the state of vigil to the state of sleep, as the Philosopher explains (Ethic. i, 13). In like manner we are commanded to meditate on the Law in every action of ours, not that we are bound to be always actually thinking about the Law, but that we should regulate all our actions according to it.

Articulus 2

Argumentum 1

Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in veteri lege inconvenienter tradantur praecepta pertinentia ad scientiam et intellectum. Scientia enim et intellectus ad cognitionem pertinent. Cognitio autem praecedit et dirigit actionem. Ergo praecepta ad scientiam et intellectum pertinentia debent praecedere praecepta pertinentia ad actionem. Cum ergo prima praecepta legis sint praecepta Decalogi, videtur quod inter praecepta Decalogi debuerunt tradi aliqua praecepta pertinentia ad scientiam et intellectum.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, disciplina praecedit doctrinam, prius enim homo ab alio discit quam alium doceat. Sed dantur in veteri lege aliqua praecepta de doctrina, et affirmativa, ut praecipitur Deut. IV, docebis ea filios ac nepotes tuos; et etiam prohibitiva, sicut habetur Deut. IV, non addetis ad verbum quod vobis loquor, neque auferetis ab eo.

Ergo videtur quod etiam aliqua praecepta dari debuerint inducentia hominem ad addiscendum.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, scientia et intellectus magis videntur necessaria sacerdoti quam regi, unde dicitur Malach. II, labia sacerdotis custodiunt scientiam, et legem requirunt ex ore eius; et Osee IV dicitur, quia scientiam repulisti, repellam te et ego, ne sacerdotio fungaris mihi.

Sed regi mandatur quod addiscat scientiam legis, ut patet Deut. XVII.

Ergo multo magis debuit praecipi in lege quod sacerdotes legem addiscerent.

Argumentum 4

Praeterea, meditatio eorum quae ad scientiam et intellectum pertinent non potest esse in dormiendo. Impeditur etiam per occupationes extraneas.

Ergo inconvenienter praecipitur, Deut. VI, meditaberis ea sedens in domo tua, et ambulans in itinere, dormiens atque consurgens.

Inconvenienter ergo traduntur in veteri lege praecepta ad scientiam et intellectum pertinentia.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dicitur Deut. IV, audientes universi praecepta haec, dicant, en populus sapiens et intelligens.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod circa scientiam et intellectum tria possunt considerari, primo quidem, acceptio ipsius; secundo, usus eius; tertio vero, conservatio ipsius. Acceptio quidem scientiae vel intellectus fit per doctrinam et disciplinam.

Et utrumque in lege praecipitur.

Dicitur enim Deut. VI, erunt verba haec quae ego praecipio tibi, in corde tuo, quod pertinet ad disciplinam, pertinet enim ad discipulum ut cor suum applicet his quae dicuntur.

Quod vero subditur, et narrabis ea filiis tuis, pertinet ad doctrinam. Usus vero scientiae vel intellectus est meditatio eorum quae quis scit vel intelligit.

Et quantum ad hoc subditur, et meditaberis sedens in domo tua, etc.. Conservatio autem fit per memoriam.

Et quantum ad hoc subdit, et ligabis ea quasi signum in manu tua, eruntque et movebuntur inter oculos tuos, scribesque ea in limine et Ostiis domus tuae.

Per quae omnia iugem memoriam mandatorum dei significat, ea enim quae continue sensibus nostris occurrunt, vel tactu, sicut ea quae in manu habemus; vel visu, sicut ea quae ante oculos mentis sunt continue; vel ad quae oportet nos saepe recurrere, sicut ad Ostium domus; a memoria nostra excidere non possunt.

Et Deut. IV manifestius dicitur, ne obliviscaris verborum quae viderunt oculi tui, et ne excidant de corde tuo cunctis diebus vitae tuae.

Et haec etiam abundantius in novo testamento, tam in doctrina evangelica quam apostolica, mandata leguntur.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicitur Deut. IV, haec est vestra sapientia et intellectus coram populis, ex quo datur intelligi quod scientia et intellectus fidelium dei consistit in praeceptis legis. Et ideo primo sunt proponenda legis praecepta; et postmodum homines sunt inducendi ad eorum scientiam vel intellectum. Et ideo praemissa praecepta non debuerunt poni inter praecepta Decalogi, quae sunt prima.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod etiam in lege ponuntur praecepta pertinentia ad disciplinam, ut dictum est.

Expressius tamen praecipitur doctrina quam disciplina, quia doctrina pertinet ad maiores, qui sunt sui iuris, immediate sub lege existentes, quibus debent dari legis praecepta, disciplina autem pertinet ad minores, ad quos praecepta legis per maiores debent pervenire.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod scientia legis est adeo annexa officio sacerdotis ut simul cum iniunctione officii intelligatur etiam et scientiae legis iniunctio. Et ideo non oportuit specialia praecepta dari de instructione sacerdotum. Sed doctrina legis dei non adeo est annexa regali officio, quia rex constituitur super populum in temporalibus. Et ideo specialiter praecipitur ut rex instruatur de his quae pertinent ad legem dei per sacerdotes.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod illud praeceptum legis non est sic intelligendum quod homo dormiendo meditetur de lege dei, sed quod dormiens, idest vadens dormitum, de lege dei meditetur; quia ex hoc etiam homines dormiendo nanciscuntur meliora phantasmata, secundum quod pertranseunt motus a vigilantibus ad dormientes, ut patet per philosophum, in I ethic..

Similiter etiam mandatur ut in omni actu suo aliquis meditetur de lege, non quod semper actu de lege cogitet, sed quod omnia quae facit secundum legem moderetur.