Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that charity increases by addition. For just as increase may be in respect of bodily quantity, so may it be according to virtual quantity. Now increase in bodily quantity results from addition; for the Philosopher says (De Gener. i, 5) that "increase is addition to pre-existing magnitude." Therefore the increase of charity which is according to virtual quantity is by addition.

Objection 2: Further, charity is a kind of spiritual light in the soul, according to 1 Jn. 2:10: "He that loveth his brother abideth in the light." Now light increases in the air by addition; thus the light in a house increases when another candle is lit. Therefore charity also increases in the soul by addition.

Objection 3: Further, the increase of charity is God's work, even as the causing of it, according to 2 Cor. 9:10: "He will increase the growth of the fruits of your justice." Now when God first infuses charity, He puts something in the soul that was not there before. Therefore also, when He increases charity, He puts something there which was not there before. Therefore charity increases by addition.

On the contrary, Charity is a simple form. Now nothing greater results from the addition of one simple thing to another, as proved in Phys. iii, text. 59, and Metaph. ii, 4. Therefore charity does not increase by addition.

I answer that, Every addition is of something to something else: so that in every addition we must at least presuppose that the things added together are distinct before the addition. Consequently if charity be added to charity, the added charity must be presupposed as distinct from charity to which it is added, not necessarily by a distinction of reality, but at least by a distinction of thought. For God is able to increase a bodily quantity by adding a magnitude which did not exist before, but was created at that very moment; which magnitude, though not pre-existent in reality, is nevertheless capable of being distinguished from the quantity to which it is added. Wherefore if charity be added to charity we must presuppose the distinction, at least logical, of the one charity from the other.

Now distinction among forms is twofold: specific and numeric. Specific distinction of habits follows diversity of objects, while numeric distinction follows distinction of subjects. Consequently a habit may receive increase through extending to objects to which it did not extend before: thus the science of geometry increases in one who acquires knowledge of geometrical matters which he ignored hitherto. But this cannot be said of charity, for even the slightest charity extends to all that we have to love by charity. Hence the addition which causes an increase of charity cannot be understood, as though the added charity were presupposed to be distinct specifically from that to which it is added.

It follows therefore that if charity be added to charity, we must presuppose a numerical distinction between them, which follows a distinction of subjects: thus whiteness receives an increase when one white thing is added to another, although such an increase does not make a thing whiter. This, however, does not apply to the case in point, since the subject of charity is none other than the rational mind, so that such like an increase of charity could only take place by one rational mind being added to another; which is impossible. Moreover, even if it were possible, the result would be a greater lover, but not a more loving one. It follows, therefore, that charity can by no means increase by addition of charity to charity, as some have held to be the case.

Accordingly charity increases only by its subject partaking of charity more and more subject thereto. For this is the proper mode of increase in a form that is intensified, since the being of such a form consists wholly in its adhering to its subject. Consequently, since the magnitude of a thing follows on its being, to say that a form is greater is the same as to say that it is more in its subject, and not that another form is added to it: for this would be the case if the form, of itself, had any quantity, and not in comparison with its subject. Therefore charity increases by being intensified in its subject, and this is for charity to increase in its essence; and not by charity being added to charity.

Reply to Objection 1: Bodily quantity has something as quantity, and something else, in so far as it is an accidental form. As quantity, it is distinguishable in respect of position or number, and in this way we have the increase of magnitude by addition, as may be seen in animals. But in so far as it is an accidental form, it is distinguishable only in respect of its subject, and in this way it has its proper increase, like other accidental forms, by way of intensity in its subject, for instance in things subject to rarefaction, as is proved in Phys. iv, 9. In like manner science, as a habit, has its quantity from its objects, and accordingly it increases by addition, when a man knows more things; and again, as an accidental form, it has a certain quantity through being in its subject, and in this way it increase in a man who knows the same scientific truths with greater certainty now than before. In the same way charity has a twofold quantity; but with regard to that which it has from its object, it does not increase, as stated above: hence it follows that it increases solely by being intensified.

Reply to Objection 2: The addition of light to light can be understood through the light being intensified in the air on account of there being several luminaries giving light: but this distinction does not apply to the case in point, since there is but one luminary shedding forth the light of charity.

Reply to Objection 3: The infusion of charity denotes a change to the state of "having" charity from the state of "not having it," so that something must needs come which was not there before. On the other hand, the increase of charity denotes a change to "more having" from "less having," so that there is need, not for anything to be there that was not there before, but for something to be more there that previously was less there. This is what God does when He increases charity, that is He makes it to have a greater hold on the soul, and the likeness of the Holy Ghost to be more perfectly participated by the soul.

Articulus 5

Argumentum 1

Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas augeatur per additionem. Sicut enim est augmentum secundum quantitatem corporalem, ita secundum quantitatem virtualem. Sed augmentum quantitatis corporalis fit per additionem, dicit enim philosophus, in I de Gen., quod augmentum est praeexistenti magnitudini additamentum.

Ergo etiam augmentum caritatis, quod est secundum virtualem quantitatem, erit per additionem.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, caritas in anima est quoddam spirituale lumen, secundum illud I Ioan. II, qui diligit fratrem suum in lumine manet.

Sed lumen crescit in aere per additionem, sicut in domo lumen crescit alia candela superaccensa.

Ergo etiam caritas crescit in anima per additionem.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, augere caritatem ad deum pertinet, sicut et ipsam creare, secundum illud II ad Cor. IX, augebit incrementa frugum iustitiae vestrae.

Sed deus primo infundendo caritatem aliquid facit in anima quod ibi prius non erat. Ergo etiam augendo caritatem aliquid ibi facit quod prius non erat.

Ergo caritas augetur per additionem.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod caritas est forma simplex. Simplex autem simplici additum non facit aliquid maius, ut probatur in VI physic..

Ergo caritas non augetur per additionem.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod omnis additio est alicuius ad aliquid.

Unde in omni additione oportet saltem praeintelligere distinctionem eorum quorum unum additur alteri, ante ipsam additionem. Si igitur caritas addatur caritati, oportet praesupponi caritatem additam ut distinctam a caritate cui additur, non quidem ex necessitate secundum esse, sed saltem secundum intellectum.

Posset enim deus etiam quantitatem corporalem augere addendo aliquam magnitudinem non prius existentem, sed tunc creatam, quae quamvis prius non fuerit in rerum natura, habet tamen in se unde eius distinctio intelligi possit a quantitate cui additur. Si igitur caritas addatur caritati, oportet praesupponere, ad minus secundum intellectum, distinctionem unius caritatis ab alia. Distinctio autem in formis est duplex, una quidem secundum speciem; alia autem secundum numerum. Distinctio quidem secundum speciem in habitibus est secundum diversitatem obiectorum, distinctio vero secundum numerum est secundum diversitatem subiecti. Potest igitur contingere quod aliquis habitus per additionem augeatur dum extenditur ad quaedam obiecta ad quae prius se non extendebat, et sic augetur scientia geometriae in eo qui de novo incipit scire aliqua geometricalia quae prius nesciebat. Hoc autem non potest dici de caritate, quia etiam minima caritas se extendit ad omnia illa quae sunt ex caritate diligenda. Non ergo talis additio in augmento caritatis potest intelligi praesupposita distinctione secundum speciem caritatis additae ad eam cui superadditur.

Relinquitur ergo, si fiat additio caritatis ad caritatem, quod hoc fit praesupposita distinctione secundum numerum, quae est secundum diversitatem subiectorum, sicut albedo augetur per hoc quod album additur albo, quamvis hoc augmento non fiat aliquid magis album. Sed hoc in proposito dici non potest. Quia subiectum caritatis non est nisi mens rationalis, unde tale caritatis augmentum fieri non posset nisi per hoc quod una mens rationalis alteri adderetur, quod est impossibile. Quamvis etiam si esset possibile tale augmentum, faceret maiorem diligentem, non autem magis diligentem. Relinquitur ergo quod nullo modo caritas augeri potest per additionem caritatis ad caritatem, sicut quidam ponunt.

Sic ergo caritas augetur solum per hoc quod subiectum magis ac magis participat caritatem, idest secundum quod magis reducitur in actum illius et magis subditur illi. Hic enim est modus augmenti proprius cuiuslibet formae quae intenditur, eo quod esse huiusmodi formae totaliter consistit in eo quod inhaeret susceptibili. Et ideo, cum magnitudo rei consequitur esse ipsius, formam esse maiorem hoc est eam magis inesse susceptibili, non autem aliam formam advenire. Hoc enim esset si forma haberet aliquam quantitatem ex seipsa, non per comparationem ad subiectum. Sic igitur et caritas augetur per hoc quod intenditur in subiecto, et hoc est ipsam augeri secundum essentiam, non autem per hoc quod caritas addatur caritati.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod quantitas corporalis habet aliquid inquantum est quantitas; et aliquid inquantum est forma accidentalis. Inquantum est quantitas, habet quod sit distinguibilis secundum situm vel secundum numerum. Et ideo hoc modo consideratur augmentum magnitudinis per additionem; ut patet in animalibus. Inquantum vero est forma accidentalis, est distinguibilis solum secundum subiectum. Et secundum hoc habet proprium augmentum, sicut et aliae formae accidentales, per modum intensionis eius in subiecto, sicut patet in his quae rarefiunt, ut probat philosophus, in IV physic..

Et similiter etiam scientia habet quantitatem, inquantum est habitus, ex parte obiectorum. Et sic augetur per additionem, inquantum aliquis plura cognoscit. Habet etiam quantitatem, inquantum est quaedam forma accidentalis, ex eo quod inest subiecto. Et secundum hoc augetur in eo qui certius eadem scibilia cognoscit nunc quam prius. Similiter etiam et caritas habet duplicem quantitatem. Sed secundum eam quae est ex parte obiecti, non augetur, ut dictum est.

Unde relinquitur quod per solam intensionem augeatur.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod additio luminis ad lumen potest intelligi in aere propter diversitatem luminarium causantium lumen. Sed talis distinctio non habet locum in proposito, quia non est nisi unum luminare influens lumen caritatis.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod infusio caritatis importat quandam mutationem secundum habere caritatem et non habere, et ideo oportet quod aliquid adveniat quod prius non infuit.

Sed augmentatio caritatis importat mutationem secundum minus aut magis habere. Et ideo non oportet quod aliquid insit quod prius non infuerit, sed quod magis insit quod prius minus inerat. Et hoc est quod facit deus caritatem augendo, scilicet quod magis insit, et quod perfectius similitudo spiritus sancti participetur in anima.