Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that charity is not lost through one mortal sin. For Origen says (Peri Archon i): "When a man who has mounted to the stage of perfection, is satiated, I do not think that he will become empty or fall away suddenly; but he must needs do so gradually and by little and little." But man falls away by losing charity. Therefore charity is not lost through only one mortal sin.

Objection 2: Further, Pope Leo in a sermon on the Passion 60. addresses Peter thus: "Our Lord saw in thee not a conquered faith, not an averted love, but constancy shaken. Tears abounded where love never failed, and the words uttered in trepidation were washed away by the fount of charity." From this Bernard drew his assertion that "charity in Peter was not quenched, but cooled." But Peter sinned mortally in denying Christ. Therefore charity is not lost through one mortal sin.

Objection 3: Further, charity is stronger than an acquired virtue. Now a habit of acquired virtue is not destroyed by one contrary sinful act. Much less, therefore, is charity destroyed by one contrary mortal sin.

Objection 4: Further, charity denotes love of God and our neighbor. Now, seemingly, one may commit a mortal sin, and yet retain the love of God and one's neighbor; because an inordinate affection for things directed to the end, does not remove the love for the end, as stated above (Article 10). Therefore charity towards God can endure, though there be a mortal sin through an inordinate affection for some temporal good.

Objection 5: Further, the object of a theological virtue is the last end. Now the other theological virtues, namely faith and hope, are not done away by one mortal sin, in fact they remain though lifeless. Therefore charity can remain without a form, even when a mortal sin has been committed.

On the contrary, By mortal sin man becomes deserving of eternal death, according to Rm. 6:23: "The wages of sin is death." On the other hand whoever has charity is deserving of eternal life, for it is written (Jn. 14:21): "He that loveth Me, shall be loved by My Father: and I will love Him, and will manifest Myself to him," in which manifestation everlasting life consists, according to Jn. 17:3: "This is eternal life; that they may know Thee the . . . true God, and Jesus Christ Whom Thou hast sent." Now no man can be worthy, at the same time, of eternal life and of eternal death. Therefore it is impossible for a man to have charity with a mortal sin. Therefore charity is destroyed by one mortal sin.

I answer that, That one contrary is removed by the other contrary supervening. Now every mortal sin is contrary to charity by its very nature, which consists in man's loving God above all things, and subjecting himself to Him entirely, by referring all that is his to God. It is therefore essential to charity that man should so love God as to wish to submit to Him in all things, and always to follow the rule of His commandments; since whatever is contrary to His commandments is manifestly contrary to charity, and therefore by its very nature is capable of destroying charity.

If indeed charity were an acquired habit dependent on the power of its subject, it would not necessarily be removed by one mortal sin, for act is directly contrary, not to habit but to act. Now the endurance of a habit in its subject does not require the endurance of its act, so that when a contrary act supervenes the acquired habit is not at once done away. But charity, being an infused habit, depends on the action of God Who infuses it, Who stands in relation to the infusion and safekeeping of charity, as the sun does to the diffusion of light in the air, as stated above. Consequently, just as the light would cease at once in the air, were an obstacle placed to its being lit up by the sun, even so charity ceases at once to be in the soul through the placing of an obstacle to the outpouring of charity by God into the soul.

Now it is evident that through every mortal sin which is contrary to God's commandments, an obstacle is placed to the outpouring of charity, since from the very fact that a man chooses to prefer sin to God's friendship, which requires that we should obey His will, it follows that the habit of charity is lost at once through one mortal sin. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. viii, 12) that "man is enlightened by God's presence, but he is darkened at once by God's absence, because distance from Him is effected not by change of place but by aversion of the will."

Reply to Objection 1: This saying of Origen may be understood, in one way, that a man who is in the state of perfection, does not suddenly go so far as to commit a mortal sin, but is disposed thereto by some previous negligence, for which reason venial sins are said to be dispositions to mortal sin, as stated above (1.2, Question 88, Article 3). Nevertheless he falls, and loses charity through the one mortal sin if he commits it.

Since, however, he adds: "If some slight slip should occur, and he recover himself quickly he does not appear to fall altogether," we may reply in another way, that when he speaks of a man being emptied and falling away altogether, he means one who falls so as to sin through malice; and this does not occur in a perfect man all at once.

Reply to Objection 2: Charity may be lost in two ways; first, directly, by actual contempt, and, in this way, Peter did not lose charity. Secondly, indirectly, when a sin is committed against charity, through some passion of desire or fear; it was by sinning against charity in this way, that Peter lost charity; yet he soon recovered it.

The Reply to the Third Objection is evident from what has been said.

Reply to Objection 4: Not every inordinate affection for things directed to the end, i.e., for created goods, constitutes a mortal sin, but only such as is directly contrary to the Divine will; and then the inordinate affection is contrary to charity, as stated.

Reply to Objection 5: Charity denotes union with God, whereas faith and hope do not. Now every mortal sin consists in aversion from God, as stated above (Gen. ad lit. viii, 12). Consequently every moral sin is contrary to charity, but not to faith and hope, but only certain determinate sins, which destroy the habit of faith or of hope, even as charity is destroyed by every moral sin. Hence it is evident that charity cannot remain lifeless, since it is itself the ultimate form regarding God under the aspect of last end as stated above (Question 23, Article 8).

Articulus 12

Argumentum 1

Ad duodecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas non amittatur per unum actum peccati mortalis.

Dicit enim Origenes, in I periarch., si aliquando satietas capit aliquem ex his qui in summo perfectoque constiterint gradu, non arbitror quod ad subitum quis evacuetur aut decidat, sed paulatim ac per partes eum decidere necesse est.

Sed homo decidit caritatem amittens. Ergo caritas non amittitur per unum solum actum peccati mortalis.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, leo Papa dicit, in serm. De passione, alloquens Petrum, vidit in te dominus non fidem victam, non dilectionem aversam, sed constantiam fuisse turbatam. Abundavit fletus, ubi non defecit affectus, et fons caritatis lavit verba formidinis.

Et ex hoc accepit bernardus quod dixit in Petro caritatem non fuisse extinctam, sed sopitam.

Sed Petrus, negando christum, peccavit mortaliter.

Ergo caritas non amittitur per unum actum peccati mortalis.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, caritas est fortior quam virtus acquisita. Sed habitus virtutis acquisitae non tollitur per unum actum peccati contrarium. Ergo multo minus caritas tollitur per unum actum peccati mortalis contrarium.

Argumentum 4

Praeterea, caritas importat dilectionem dei et proximi.

Sed aliquis committens aliquod peccatum mortale retinet dilectionem dei et proximi, ut videtur, inordinatio enim affectionis circa ea quae sunt ad finem non tollit amorem finis, ut supra dictum est.

Ergo potest remanere caritas ad deum, existente peccato mortali per inordinatam affectionem circa aliquod temporale bonum.

Argumentum 5

Praeterea, virtutis theologicae obiectum est ultimus finis. Sed aliae virtutes theologicae, scilicet fides et spes, non excluduntur per unum actum peccati mortalis, immo remanent informes. Ergo etiam caritas potest remanere informis, etiam uno peccato mortali perpetrato.

Sed Contra

Sed contra, per peccatum mortale fit homo dignus morte aeterna, secundum illud Rom. VI, stipendia peccati mors.

Sed quilibet habens caritatem habet meritum vitae aeternae, dicitur enim Ioan. XIV, si quis diligit me, diligetur a patre meo, et ego diligam eum, et manifestabo ei meipsum; in qua quidem manifestatione vita aeterna consistit, secundum illud Ioan. XVII, haec est vita aeterna, ut cognoscant te, verum deum, et quem misisti, iesum christum.

Nullus autem potest esse simul dignus vita aeterna et morte aeterna. Ergo impossibile est quod aliquis habeat caritatem cum peccato mortali. Tollitur ergo caritas per unum actum peccati mortalis.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod unum contrarium per aliud contrarium superveniens tollitur. Quilibet autem actus peccati mortalis contrariatur caritati secundum propriam rationem, quae consistit in hoc quod deus diligatur super omnia, et quod homo totaliter se illi subiiciat, omnia sua referendo in ipsum. Est igitur de ratione caritatis ut sic diligat deum quod in omnibus velit se ei subiicere, et praeceptorum eius regulam in omnibus sequi, quidquid enim contrariatur praeceptis eius, manifeste contrariatur caritati. Unde de se habet quod caritatem excludere possit.

Et si quidem caritas esset habitus acquisitus ex virtute subiecti dependens, non oporteret quod statim per unum actum contrarium tolleretur. Actus enim non directe contrariatur habitui, sed actui, conservatio autem habitus in subiecto non requirit continuitatem actus, unde ex superveniente contrario actu non statim habitus acquisitus excluditur. Sed caritas, cum sit habitus infusus, dependet ex actione dei infundentis, qui sic se habet in infusione et conservatione caritatis sicut sol in illuminatione aeris, ut dictum est.

Et ideo, sicut lumen statim cessaret esse in aere quod aliquod obstaculum poneretur illuminationi solis, ita etiam caritas statim deficit esse in anima quod aliquod obstaculum ponitur influentiae caritatis a deo in animam.

Manifestum est autem quod per quodlibet mortale peccatum, quod divinis praeceptis contrariatur, ponitur praedictae infusioni obstaculum, quia ex hoc ipso quod homo eligendo praefert peccatum divinae amicitiae, quae requirit ut dei voluntatem sequamur, consequens est ut statim per unum actum peccati mortalis habitus caritatis perdatur.

Unde et Augustinus dicit, VIII super Gen. Ad litt., quod homo, deo sibi praesente, illuminatur; absente autem, continuo tenebratur; a quo non locorum intervallis, sed voluntatis aversione disceditur.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod verbum Origenis potest uno modo sic intelligi quod homo qui est in statu perfecto non subito procedit in actum peccati mortalis, sed ad hoc disponitur per aliquam negligentiam praecedentem.

Unde et peccata venialia dicuntur esse dispositio ad mortale, sicut supra dictum est.

Sed tamen per unum actum peccati mortalis, si eum commiserit, decidit, caritate amissa.

Sed quia ipse subdit, si aliquis brevis lapsus acciderit, et cito resipiscat, non penitus ruere videtur, potest aliter dici quod ipse intelligit eum penitus evacuari et decidere qui sic decidit ut ex malitia peccet.

Quod non statim in viro perfecto a principio contingit.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod caritas amittitur dupliciter.

Uno modo, directe, per actualem contemptum. Et hoc modo Petrus caritatem non amisit. Alio modo, indirecte, quando committitur aliquod contrarium caritati propter aliquam passionem concupiscentiae vel timoris. Et hoc modo Petrus, contra caritatem faciens, caritatem amisit, sed eam cito recuperavit.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod non quaelibet inordinatio affectionis quae est circa ea quae sunt ad finem, idest circa bona creata, constituit peccatum mortale, sed solum quando est talis inordinatio quae repugnat divinae voluntati. Et hoc directe contrariatur caritati, ut dictum est.

Ad 5

Ad quintum dicendum quod caritas importat unionem quandam ad deum, non autem fides neque spes. Omne autem peccatum mortale consistit in aversione a deo, ut supra dictum est.

Et ideo omne peccatum mortale contrariatur caritati. Non autem omne peccatum mortale contrariatur fidei vel spei, sed quaedam determinata peccata, per quae habitus fidei et spei tollitur, sicut et per omne peccatum mortale habitus caritatis. Unde patet quod caritas non potest remanere informis, cum sit ultima forma virtutum, ex hoc quod respicit deum in ratione finis ultimi, ut dictum est.