Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that almsgiving is not an act of charity. For without charity one cannot do acts of charity. Now it is possible to give alms without having charity, according to 1 Cor. 13:3: "If I should distribute all my goods to feed the poor . . . and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing." Therefore almsgiving is not an act of charity.

Objection 2: Further, almsdeeds are reckoned among works of satisfaction, according to Dan. 4:24: "Redeem thou thy sins with alms." Now satisfaction is an act of justice. Therefore almsgiving is an act of justice and not of charity.

Objection 3: Further, the offering of sacrifices to God is an act of religion. But almsgiving is offering a sacrifice to God, according to Heb. 13:16: "Do not forget to do good and to impart, for by such sacrifices God's favor is obtained." Therefore almsgiving is not an act of charity, but of religion.

Objection 4: Further, the Philosopher says (Ethic. iv, l) that to give for a good purpose is an act of liberality. Now this is especially true of almsgiving. Therefore almsgiving is not an act of charity.

On the contrary, It is written 2 Jn. 3:17: "He that hath the substance of this world, and shall see his brother in need, and shall put up his bowels from him, how doth the charity of God abide in him?"

I answer that, External acts belong to that virtue which regards the motive for doing those acts. Now the motive for giving alms is to relieve one who is in need. Wherefore some have defined alms as being "a deed whereby something is given to the needy, out of compassion and for God's sake," which motive belongs to mercy, as stated above (Question 30, Articles 1,2). Hence it is clear that almsgiving is, properly speaking, an act of mercy. This appears in its very name, for in Greek {eleemosyne} it is derived from having mercy {eleein} even as the Latin "miseratio" is. And since mercy is an effect of charity, as shown above (Question 30, Article 2, Article 3, Objection 3), it follows that almsgiving is an act of charity through the medium of mercy.

Reply to Objection 1: An act of virtue may be taken in two ways: first materially, thus an act of justice is to do what is just; and such an act of virtue can be without the virtue, since many, without having the habit of justice, do what is just, led by the natural light of reason, or through fear, or in the hope of gain. Secondly, we speak of a thing being an act of justice formally, and thus an act of justice is to do what is just, in the same way as a just man, i.e. with readiness and delight, and such an act of virtue cannot be without the virtue.

Accordingly almsgiving can be materially without charity, but to give alms formally, i.e. for God's sake, with delight and readiness, and altogether as one ought, is not possible without charity.

Reply to Objection 2: Nothing hinders the proper elicited act of one virtue being commanded by another virtue as commanding it and directing it to this other virtue's end. It is in this way that almsgiving is reckoned among works of satisfaction in so far as pity for the one in distress is directed to the satisfaction for his sin; and in so far as it is directed to placate God, it has the character of a sacrifice, and thus it is commanded by religion.

Wherefore the Reply to the Third Objection is evident.

Reply to Objection 4: Almsgiving belongs to liberality, in so far as liberality removes an obstacle to that act, which might arise from excessive love of riches, the result of which is that one clings to them more than one ought.

Articulus 1

Argumentum 1

Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod dare eleemosynam non sit actus caritatis. Actus enim caritatis non potest esse sine caritate. Sed largitio eleemosynarum potest esse sine caritate, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIII, si distribuero in cibos pauperum omnes facultates meas, caritatem autem non habuero.

Ergo dare eleemosynam non est actus caritatis.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, eleemosyna computatur inter opera satisfactionis, secundum illud Dan. IV, peccata tua eleemosynis redime.

Sed satisfactio est actus iustitiae.

Ergo dare eleemosynam non est actus caritatis, sed iustitiae.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, offerre hostiam deo est actus latriae. Sed dare eleemosynam est offerre hostiam deo, secundum illud ad Heb. Ult., beneficentiae et communionis nolite oblivisci, talibus enim hostiis promeretur deus.

Ergo caritatis non est actus dare eleemosynam, sed magis latriae.

Argumentum 4

Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV ethic., quod dare aliquid propter bonum est actus liberalitatis.

Sed hoc maxime fit in largitione eleemosynarum.

Ergo dare eleemosynam non est actus caritatis.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dicitur I Ioan. III, qui habuerit substantiam huius mundi, et viderit fratrem suum necessitatem patientem, et clauserit viscera sua ab eo, quomodo caritas dei manet in illo?

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod exteriores actus ad illam virtutem referuntur ad quam pertinet id quod est motivum ad agendum huiusmodi actus. Motivum autem ad dandum eleemosynas est ut subveniatur necessitatem patienti, unde quidam, definientes eleemosynam, dicunt quod eleemosyna est opus quo datur aliquid indigenti ex compassione propter deum.

Quod quidem motivum pertinet ad misericordiam, ut supra dictum est.

Unde manifestum est quod dare eleemosynam proprie est actus misericordiae. Et hoc apparet ex ipso nomine, nam in Graeco a misericordia derivatur, sicut in Latino miseratio.

Et quia misericordia est effectus caritatis, ut supra ostensum est, ex consequenti dare eleemosynam est actus caritatis, misericordia mediante.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod aliquid dicitur esse actus virtutis dupliciter. Uno modo, materialiter, sicut actus iustitiae est facere iusta. Et talis actus virtutis potest esse sine virtute, multi enim non habentes habitum iustitiae iusta operantur, vel ex naturali ratione, vel ex timore sive ex spe aliquid adipiscendi. Alio modo dicitur esse aliquid actus virtutis formaliter, sicut actus iustitiae est actio iusta eo modo quo iustus facit, scilicet prompte et delectabiliter. Et hoc modo actus virtutis non est sine virtute. Secundum hoc ergo dare eleemosynas materialiter potest esse sine caritate, formaliter autem eleemosynas dare, idest propter deum, delectabiliter et prompte et omni eo modo quo debet, non est sine caritate.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod nihil prohibet actum qui est proprie unius virtutis elicitive, attribui alteri virtuti sicut imperanti et ordinanti ad suum finem. Et hoc modo dare eleemosynam ponitur inter opera satisfactoria, inquantum miseratio in defectum patientis ordinatur ad satisfaciendum pro culpa.

Secundum autem quod ordinatur ad placandum deum, habet rationem sacrificii, et sic imperatur a latria.

Ad 3

Unde patet responsio ad tertium.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod dare eleemosynam pertinet ad liberalitatem inquantum liberalitas aufert impedimentum huius actus, quod esse posset ex superfluo amore divitiarum, propter quem aliquis efficitur nimis retentivus earum.