Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that one may give alms out of ill-gotten goods. For it is written (Lk. 16:9): "Make unto you friends of the mammon of iniquity." Now mammon signifies riches. Therefore it is lawful to make unto oneself spiritual friends by giving alms out of ill-gotten riches.

Objection 2: Further, all filthy lucre seems to be ill-gotten. But the profits from whoredom are filthy lucre; wherefore it was forbidden (Dt. 23:18) to offer therefrom sacrifices or oblations to God: "Thou shalt not offer the hire of a strumpet . . . in the house of . . . thy God." In like manner gains from games of chance are ill-gotten, for, as the Philosopher says (Ethic. iv, 1), "we take such like gains from our friends to whom we ought rather to give." And most of all are the profits from simony ill-gotten, since thereby the Holy Ghost is wronged. Nevertheless out of such gains it is lawful to give alms. Therefore one may give alms out of ill-gotten goods.

Objection 3: Further, greater evils should be avoided more than lesser evils. Now it is less sinful to keep back another's property than to commit murder, of which a man is guilty if he fails to succor one who is in extreme need, as appears from the words of Ambrose who says (Cf. Canon Pasce dist. lxxxvi, whence the words, as quoted, are taken): "Feed him that dies of hunger, if thou hast not fed him, thou hast slain him". Therefore, in certain cases, it is lawful to give alms of ill-gotten goods.

On the contrary, Augustine says (De Verb. Dom. xxxv, 2): "Give alms from your just labors. For you will not bribe Christ your judge, not to hear you with the poor whom you rob . . . Give not alms from interest and usury: I speak to the faithful to whom we dispense the Body of Christ."

I answer that, A thing may be ill-gotten in three ways. In the first place a thing is ill-gotten if it be due to the person from whom it is gotten, and may not be kept by the person who has obtained possession of it; as in the case of rapine, theft and usury, and of such things a man may not give alms since he is bound to restore them.

Secondly, a thing is ill-gotten, when he that has it may not keep it, and yet he may not return it to the person from whom he received it, because he received it unjustly, while the latter gave it unjustly. This happens in simony, wherein both giver and receiver contravene the justice of the Divine Law, so that restitution is to be made not to the giver, but by giving alms. The same applies to all similar cases of illegal giving and receiving.

Thirdly, a thing is ill-gotten, not because the taking was unlawful, but because it is the outcome of something unlawful, as in the case of a woman's profits from whoredom. This is filthy lucre properly so called, because the practice of whoredom is filthy and against the Law of God, yet the woman does not act unjustly or unlawfully in taking the money. Consequently it is lawful to keep and to give in alms what is thus acquired by an unlawful action.

Reply to Objection 1: As Augustine says (De Verb. Dom. 2), "Some have misunderstood this saying of Our Lord, so as to take another's property and give thereof to the poor, thinking that they are fulfilling the commandment by so doing. This interpretation must be amended. Yet all riches are called riches of iniquity, as stated in De Quaest. Ev. ii, 34, because "riches are not unjust save for those who are themselves unjust, and put all their trust in them. Or, according to Ambrose in his commentary on Lk. 16:9, "Make unto yourselves friends," etc., "He calls mammon unjust, because it draws our affections by the various allurements of wealth." Or, because "among the many ancestors whose property you inherit, there is one who took the property of others unjustly, although you know nothing about it," as Basil says in a homily (Hom. super Luc. A, 5). Or, all riches are styled riches "of iniquity," i.e., of "inequality," because they are not distributed equally among all, one being in need, and another in affluence.

Reply to Objection 2: We have already explained how alms may be given out of the profits of whoredom. Yet sacrifices and oblations were not made therefrom at the altar, both on account of the scandal, and through reverence for sacred things. It is also lawful to give alms out of the profits of simony, because they are not due to him who paid, indeed he deserves to lose them. But as to the profits from games of chance, there would seem to be something unlawful as being contrary to the Divine Law, when a man wins from one who cannot alienate his property, such as minors, lunatics and so forth, or when a man, with the desire of making money out of another man, entices him to play, and wins from him by cheating. In these cases he is bound to restitution, and consequently cannot give away his gains in alms. Then again there would seem to be something unlawful as being against the positive civil law, which altogether forbids any such profits. Since, however, a civil law does not bind all, but only those who are subject to that law, and moreover may be abrogated through desuetude, it follows that all such as are bound by these laws are bound to make restitution of such gains, unless perchance the contrary custom prevail, or unless a man win from one who enticed him to play, in which case he is not bound to restitution, because the loser does not deserve to be paid back: and yet he cannot lawfully keep what he has won, so long as that positive law is in force, wherefore in this case he ought to give it away in alms.

Reply to Objection 3: All things are common property in a case of extreme necessity. Hence one who is in such dire straits may take another's goods in order to succor himself, if he can find no one who is willing to give him something. For the same reason a man may retain what belongs to another, and give alms thereof; or even take something if there be no other way of succoring the one who is in need. If however this be possible without danger, he must ask the owner's consent, and then succor the poor man who is in extreme necessity.

Articulus 7

Argumentum 1

Ad septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod possit eleemosyna fieri de illicite acquisitis.

Dicitur enim Luc. XVI, facite vobis amicos de mammona iniquitatis.

Mammona autem significat divitias. Ergo de divitiis inique acquisitis potest sibi aliquis spirituales amicos facere, eleemosynas largiendo.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, omne turpe lucrum videtur esse illicite acquisitum.

Sed turpe lucrum est quod de meretricio acquiritur, unde et de huiusmodi sacrificium vel oblatio deo offerri non debet, secundum illud Deut. XXIII, non offeres mercedem prostibuli in domo dei tui.

Similiter etiam turpiter acquiritur quod acquiritur per aleas, quia, ut philosophus dicit, in IV ethic., tales ab amicis lucrantur, quibus oportet dare.

Turpissime etiam acquiritur aliquid per simoniam, per quam aliquis spiritui sancto iniuriam facit. Et tamen de huiusmodi eleemosyna fieri potest. Ergo de male acquisitis potest aliquis eleemosynam facere.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, maiora mala sunt magis vitanda quam minora. Sed minus peccatum est detentio rei alienae quam homicidium, quod aliquis incurrit nisi alicui in ultima necessitate subveniat, ut patet per Ambrosium, qui dicit, pasce fame morientem, quoniam si non paveris, occidisti.

Ergo aliquis potest eleemosynam facere in aliquo casu de male acquisitis.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de verb. Dom., de iustis laboribus facite eleemosynas. Non enim corrupturi estis iudicem christum, ut non vos audiat cum pauperibus, quibus tollitis. Nolite velle eleemosynas facere de faenore et usuris. Fidelibus dico, quibus corpus christi erogamus.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod tripliciter potest esse aliquid illicite acquisitum. Uno enim modo id quod illicite ab aliquo acquiritur debetur ei a quo est acquisitum, nec potest ab eo retineri qui acquisivit, sicut contingit in rapina et furto et usuris.

Et de talibus, cum homo teneatur ad restitutionem, eleemosyna fieri non potest.

Alio vero modo est aliquid illicite acquisitum quia ille quidem qui acquisivit retinere non potest, nec tamen debetur ei a quo acquisivit, quia scilicet contra iustitiam accepit, et alter contra iustitiam dedit, sicut contingit in simonia, in qua dans et accipiens contra iustitiam legis divinae agit. Unde non debet fieri restitutio ei qui dedit, sed debet in eleemosynas erogari.

Et eadem ratio est in similibus, in quibus scilicet et datio et acceptio est contra legem.

Tertio modo est aliquid illicite acquisitum, non quidem quia ipsa acquisitio sit illicita, sed quia id ex quo acquiritur est illicitum, sicut patet de eo quod mulier acquirit per meretricium.

Et hoc proprie vocatur turpe lucrum. Quod enim mulier meretricium exerceat, turpiter agit et contra legem dei, sed in eo quod accipit non iniuste agit nec contra legem. Unde quod sic illicite acquisitum est retineri potest, et de eo eleemosyna fieri.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de verb. Dom., illud verbum domini quidam male intelligendo, rapiunt res alienas, et aliquid inde pauperibus largiuntur, et putant se facere quod praeceptum est. Intellectus iste corrigendus est.

Sed omnes divitiae iniquitatis dicuntur, ut dicit in libro de quaestionibus evangelii, quia non sunt divitiae nisi iniquis, qui in eis spem constituunt.

Iniquum mammona dixit quia variis divitiarum illecebris nostros tentat affectus.

Vel quia in pluribus praedecessoribus, quibus patrimonio succedis, aliquis reperitur qui iniuste usurpavit aliena, quamvis tu nescias ut basilius dicit.

Vel omnes divitiae dicuntur iniquitatis, idest inaequalitatis, quia non aequaliter sunt omnibus distributae uno egente et alio superabundante.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod de acquisito per meretricium iam dictum est qualiter eleemosyna fieri possit. Non autem fit de eo sacrificium vel oblatio ad altare, tum propter scandalum; tum propter sacrorum reverentiam. De eo etiam quod est per simoniam acquisitum potest fieri eleemosyna, quia non est debitum ei qui dedit, sed meretur illud amittere. Circa illa vero quae per aleas acquiruntur videtur esse aliquid illicitum ex iure divino, scilicet quod aliquis lucretur ab his qui rem suam alienare non possunt, sicut sunt minores et furiosi et huiusmodi; et quod aliquis trahat alium ex cupiditate lucrandi ad ludum; et quod fraudulenter ab eo lucretur. Et in his casibus tenetur ad restitutionem, et sic de eo non potest eleemosynam facere.

Aliquid autem videtur esse ulterius illicitum ex iure positivo civili, quod prohibet universaliter tale lucrum. Sed quia ius civile non obligat omnes, sed eos solos qui sunt his legibus subiecti; et iterum per dissuetudinem abrogari potest, ideo apud illos qui sunt huiusmodi legibus obstricti, tenentur universaliter ad restitutionem qui lucrantur; nisi forte contraria consuetudo praevaleat; aut nisi aliquis lucratus sit ab eo qui traxit eum ad ludum. In quo casu non teneretur restituere, quia ille qui amisit non est dignus recipere; nec potest licite retinere, tali iure positivo durante; unde debet de hoc eleemosynam facere in hoc casu.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod in casu extremae necessitatis omnia sunt communia. Unde licet ei qui talem necessitatem patitur accipere de alieno ad sui sustentationem, si non inveniat qui sibi dare velit. Et eadem ratione licet habere aliquid de alieno et de hoc eleemosynam dare, quinimmo et accipere, si aliter subveniri non possit necessitatem patienti. Si tamen fieri potest sine periculo, debet requisita domini voluntate pauperi providere extremam necessitatem patienti.