Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It seems that the daughters of covetousness are not as commonly stated, namely, "treachery, fraud, falsehood, perjury, restlessness, violence, and insensibility to mercy." For covetousness is opposed to liberality, as stated above (Article 3). Now treachery, fraud, and falsehood are opposed to prudence, perjury to religion, restlessness to hope, or to charity which rests in the beloved object, violence to justice, insensibility to mercy. Therefore these vices have no connection with covetousness.

Objection 2: Further, treachery, fraud and falsehood seem to pertain to the same thing, namely, the deceiving of one's neighbor. Therefore they should not be reckoned as different daughters of covetousness.

Objection 3: Further, Isidore (Comment. in Deut.) enumerates nine daughters of covetousness; which are "lying, fraud, theft, perjury, greed of filthy lucre, false witnessing, violence, inhumanity, rapacity." Therefore the former reckoning of daughters is insufficient.

Objection 4: Further, the Philosopher (Ethic. iv, 1) mentions many kinds of vices as belonging to covetousness which he calls illiberality, for he speaks of those who are "sparing, tight-fisted, skinflints , misers , who do illiberal deeds," and of those who "batten on whoredom, usurers, gamblers, despoilers of the dead, and robbers." Therefore it seems that the aforesaid enumeration is insufficient.

Objection 5: Further, tyrants use much violence against their subjects. But the Philosopher says (Ethic. iv, 1) that "tyrants who destroy cities and despoil sacred places are not to be called illiberal," i.e. covetous. Therefore violence should not be reckoned a daughter of covetousness.

On the contrary, Gregory (Moral. xxxi) assigns to covetousness the daughters mentioned above.

I answer that, The daughters of covetousness are the vices which arise therefrom, especially in respect of the desire of an end. Now since covetousness is excessive love of possessing riches, it exceeds in two things. For in the first place it exceeds in retaining, and in this respect covetousness gives rise to "insensibility to mercy," because, to wit, a man's heart is not softened by mercy to assist the needy with his riches . In the second place it belongs to covetousness to exceed in receiving, and in this respect covetousness may be considered in two ways. First as in the thought . In this way it gives rise to "restlessness," by hindering man with excessive anxiety and care, for "a covetous man shall not be satisfied with money" (Eccles. 5:9). Secondly, it may be considered in the execution . In this way the covetous man, in acquiring other people's goods, sometimes employs force, which pertains to "violence," sometimes deceit, and then if he has recourse to words, it is "falsehood," if it be mere words, "perjury" if he confirm his statement by oath; if he has recourse to deeds, and the deceit affects things, we have "fraud"; if persons, then we have "treachery," as in the case of Judas, who betrayed Christ through covetousness.

Reply to Objection 1: There is no need for the daughters of a capital sin to belong to that same kind of vice: because a sin of one kind allows of sins even of a different kind being directed to its end; seeing that it is one thing for a sin to have daughters, and another for it to have species.

Reply to Objection 2: These three are distinguished as stated in the Article.

Reply to Objection 3: These nine are reducible to the seven aforesaid. For lying and false witnessing are comprised under falsehood, since false witnessing is a special kind of lie, just as theft is a special kind of fraud, wherefore it is comprised under fraud; and greed of filthy lucre belongs to restlessness; rapacity is comprised under violence, since it is a species thereof; and inhumanity is the same as insensibility to mercy.

Reply to Objection 4: The vices mentioned by Aristotle are species rather than daughters of illiberality or covetousness. For a man may be said to be illiberal or covetous through a defect in giving. If he gives but little he is said to be "sparing"; if nothing, he is "tightfisted": if he gives with great reluctance, he is said to be {kyminopristes} , a cumin-seller, as it were, because he makes a great fuss about things of little value. Sometimes a man is said to be illiberal or covetous, through an excess in receiving, and this in two ways. In one way, through making money by disgraceful means, whether in performing shameful and servile works by means of illiberal practices, or by acquiring more through sinful deeds, such as whoredom or the like, or by making a profit where one ought to have given gratis, as in the case of usury, or by laboring much to make little profit. In another way, in making money by unjust means, whether by using violence on the living, as robbers do, or by despoiling the dead, or by preying on one's friends, as gamblers do.

Reply to Objection 5: Just as liberality is about moderate sums of money, so is illiberality. Wherefore tyrants who take great things by violence, are said to be, not illiberal, but unjust.

Articulus 8

Argumentum 1

Ad octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint avaritiae filiae quae dicuntur, scilicet proditio, fraus, fallacia, periuria, inquietudo, violentiae, et contra misericordiam obduratio.

Avaritia enim opponitur liberalitati, ut dictum est. Proditio autem, fraus et fallacia opponuntur prudentiae; periuria religioni; inquietudo spei vel caritati, quae quiescit in amato; violentiae opponuntur iustitiae; obduratio misericordiae.

Ergo huiusmodi vitia non pertinent ad avaritiam.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, proditio, dolus et fallacia ad idem pertinere videntur, scilicet ad proximi deceptionem. Ergo non debent enumerari tanquam diversae filiae avaritiae.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, Isidorus ponit novem filias, quae sunt mendacium, fraus, furtum, periurium, et turpis lucri appetitus, falsa testimonia, violentia inhumanitas, rapacitas.

Ergo prima assignatio filiarum fuit insufficiens.

Argumentum 4

Praeterea, philosophus, in IV ethic., ponit multa genera vitiorum pertinentium ad avaritiam, quam illiberalitatem nominat, videlicet parcos, tenaces, kimibiles, illiberales operationes operantes, et de meretricio pastos, et usurarios, aleatores, et mortuorum spoliatores, et latrones.

Ergo videtur quod praedicta enumeratio sit insufficiens.

Argumentum 5

Praeterea, tyranni maxime violentias subditis inferunt.

Dicit autem philosophus, ibidem, quod tyrannos civitates desolantes et sacra praedantes non dicimus illiberales, idest avaros. Ergo violentia non debet poni filia avaritiae.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., assignat avaritiae filias prius enumeratas.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod filiae avaritiae dicuntur vitia quae ex ipsa oriuntur, et praecipue secundum appetitum finis. Quia vero avaritia est superfluus amor habendi divitias, in duobus excedit.

Primo enim, superabundat in retinendo. Et ex hac parte oritur ex avaritia obduratio contra misericordiam, quia scilicet cor eius misericordia non emollitur, ut de divitiis suis subveniat miseris. Secundo, ad avaritiam pertinet superabundare in accipiendo. Et secundum hoc, avaritia potest considerari dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod est in affectu. Et sic ex avaritia oritur inquietudo, inquantum ingerit homini sollicitudinem et curas superfluas, avarus enim non impletur pecunia, ut dicitur Eccle. V.

Alio modo, potest considerari in effectu. Et sic in acquirendo aliena utitur quandoque quidem VI, quod pertinet ad violentias; quandoque autem dolo. Qui quidem si fiat in verbo, erit fallacia, quantum ad simplex verbum; periurium autem si addatur confirmatio iuramenti. Si autem dolus committatur in opere, sic, quantum ad res, erit fraus; quantum autem ad personas, proditio, ut patet de Iuda, qui ex avaritia prodidit christum.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod non oportet filias alicuius peccati capitalis ad idem genus vitii pertinere, quia ad finem unius vitii possunt ordinari etiam peccata alterius generis.

Aliud est enim peccatum habere filias, et peccatum habere species.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod illa tria distinguuntur sicut dictum est.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod illa novem reducuntur ad praedicta septem. Nam mendacium et falsum testimonium continetur sub fallacia, falsum enim testimonium est quaedam specificatio mendacii; sicut et furtum est quaedam specificatio fraudis, unde sub fraude continetur. Appetitus autem turpis lucri pertinet ad inquietudinem. Rapacitas autem continetur sub violentia, cum sit species eius. Inhumanitas autem est idem quod obduratio contra misericordiam.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod illa quae ponit Aristoteles sunt illiberalitatis vel avaritiae species magis quam filiae. Potest enim aliquis dici illiberalis vel avarus ex eo quod deficit in dando, et si quidem parum det, vocatur parcus; si autem nihil, tenax; si autem cum magna difficultate det, vocatur kimibilis, quasi kimini venditor, quia de parvis magnam vim facit.

Quandoque autem aliquis dicitur illiberalis vel avarus quia excedit in accipiendo. Et hoc dupliciter. Uno modo, quia turpiter lucratur, vel vilia et servilia opera exercendo per illiberales operationes; vel quia de aliquibus vitiosis actibus lucratur, sicut de meretricio, vel de aliquo huiusmodi; vel quia lucratur de eo quod gratis oportet concedere, sicut usurarii; vel quia lucratur parva cum magno labore.

Alio modo, quia iniuste lucratur, vel vivis vim inferendo, sicut latrones; vel mortuos spoliando; vel ab amicis auferendo, sicut aleatores.

Ad 5

Ad quintum dicendum quod sicut liberalitas est circa mediocres pecunias, ita et illiberalitas. Unde tyranni, qui magna per violentiam auferunt, non dicuntur illiberales, sed iniusti.