Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the prophetic vision is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses. For it is written (Num. 12:6): "If there be among you a prophet of the Lord, I will appear to him in a vision, or I will speak to him in a dream." Now a gloss says at the beginning of the Psalter, "a vision that takes place by dreams and apparitions consists of things which seem to be said or done." But when things seem to be said or done, which are neither said nor done, there is abstraction from the senses. Therefore prophecy is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses.

Objection 2: Further, when one power is very intent on its own operation, other powers are drawn away from theirs; thus men who are very intent on hearing something fail to see what takes place before them. Now in the prophetic vision the intellect is very much uplifted, and intent on its act. Therefore it seems that the prophetic vision is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses.

Objection 3: Further, the same thing cannot, at the same time, tend in opposite directions. Now in the prophetic vision the mind tends to the acceptance of things from above, and consequently it cannot at the same time tend to sensible objects. Therefore it would seem necessary for prophetic revelation to be always accompanied by abstraction from the senses.

Objection 4: On the contrary, It is written (1 Cor. 14:32): "The spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets." Now this were impossible if the prophet were not in possession of his faculties, but abstracted from his senses. Therefore it would seem that prophetic vision is not accompanied by abstraction from the senses.

I answer that, As stated in the foregoing Article, the prophetic revelation takes place in four ways: namely, by the infusion of an intelligible light, by the infusion of intelligible species, by impression or coordination of pictures in the imagination, and by the outward presentation of sensible images. Now it is evident that there is no abstraction from the senses, when something is presented to the prophet's mind by means of sensible species---whether these be divinely formed for this special purpose, as the bush shown to Moses (Ex. 3:2), and the writing shown to Daniel (Dan. 5:)---or whether they be produced by other causes; yet so that they are ordained by Divine providence to be prophetically significant of something, as, for instance, the Church was signified by the ark of Noah.

Again, abstraction from the external senses is not rendered necessary when the prophet's mind is enlightened by an intellectual light, or impressed with intelligible species, since in us the perfect judgment of the intellect is effected by its turning to sensible objects, which are the first principles of our knowledge, as stated in the 1, Question 84, Article 6.

When, however, prophetic revelation is conveyed by images in the imagination, abstraction from the senses is necessary lest the things thus seen in imagination be taken for objects of external sensation. Yet this abstraction from the senses is sometimes complete, so that a man perceives nothing with his senses; and sometimes it is incomplete, so that he perceives something with his senses, yet does not fully discern the things he perceives outwardly from those he sees in imagination. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. xii, 12): "Those images of bodies which are formed in the soul are seen just as bodily things themselves are seen by the body, so that we see with our eyes one who is present, and at the same time we see with the soul one who is absent, as though we saw him with our eyes."

Yet this abstraction from the senses takes place in the prophets without subverting the order of nature, as is the case with those who are possessed or out of their senses; but is due to some well-ordered cause. This cause may be natural---for instance, sleep---or spiritual---for instance, the intenseness of the prophets' contemplation; thus we read of Peter (Acts 10:9) that while he was praying in the supper-room "he fell into an ecstasy"---or he may be carried away by the Divine power, according to the saying of Ezechiel 1:3: "The hand of the Lord was upon him."

Reply to Objection 1: The passage quoted refers to prophets in whom imaginary pictures were formed or coordinated, either while asleep, which is denoted by the word "dream," or while awake, which is signified by the word "vision."

Reply to Objection 2: When the mind is intent, in its act, upon distant things which are far removed from the senses, the intensity of its application leads to abstraction from the senses; but when it is intent, in its act, upon the coordination of or judgment concerning objects of sense, there is no need for abstraction from the senses.

Reply to Objection 3: The movement of the prophetic mind results not from its own power, but from a power acting on it from above. Hence there is no abstraction from the senses when the prophet's mind is led to judge or coordinate matters relating to objects of sense, but only when the mind is raised to the contemplation of certain more lofty things.

Reply to Objection 4: The spirit of the prophets is said to be subject to the prophets as regards the prophetic utterances to which the Apostle refers in the words quoted; because, to wit, the prophets in declaring what they have seen speak their own mind, and are not thrown off their mental balance, like persons who are possessed, as Priscilla and Montanus maintained. But as regards the prophetic revelation itself, it would be more correct to say that the prophets are subject to the. spirit of prophecy, i.e. to the prophetic gift.

Articulus 3

Argumentum 1

Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod visio prophetica semper fiat cum abstractione a sensibus.

Dicitur enim Num. XII, si quis fuerit inter vos propheta domini, in visione apparebo ei, vel per somnium loquar ad illum.

Sed sicut Glossa dicit, in principio Psalterii, visio quae est per somnia et visiones, est per ea quae videntur dici vel fieri.

Cum autem aliqua videntur dici vel fieri quae non dicuntur vel fiunt, est alienatio a sensibus.

Ergo prophetia semper fit cum alienatione a sensibus.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, quando una virtus multum intenditur in sua operatione, alia potentia abstrahitur a suo actu, sicut illi qui vehementer intendunt ad aliquid audiendum, non percipiunt visu ea quae coram ipsis fiunt. Sed in visione prophetica maxime intellectus elevatur et intenditur in suo actu.

Ergo videtur quod semper fiat cum abstractione a sensibus.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, impossibile est idem simul ad oppositas partes converti. Sed in visione prophetica mens convertitur ad accipiendum a superiori. Ergo non potest simul converti ad sensibilia. Necessarium ergo videtur quod revelatio prophetica semper fit cum abstractione a sensibus.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dicitur I ad Cor. XIV, spiritus prophetarum prophetis subiecti sunt.

Sed hoc esse non posset, si propheta non esset sui compos, a sensibus alienatus existens. Ergo videtur quod prophetica visio non fiat cum alienatione a sensibus.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, prophetica revelatio fit secundum quatuor, scilicet secundum influxum intelligibilis luminis, secundum immissionem intelligibilium specierum, secundum impressionem vel ordinationem imaginabilium formarum, et secundum expressionem formarum sensibilium. Manifestum est autem quod non fit abstractio a sensibus quando aliquid repraesentatur menti prophetae per species sensibiles, sive ad hoc specialiter formatas divinitus, sicut rubus ostensus Moysi, et Scriptura ostensa Danieli; sive etiam per alias causas productas, ita tamen quod secundum divinam providentiam ad aliquid prophetice significandum ordinetur, sicut per arcam Noe significabatur ecclesia. Similiter etiam non est necesse ut fiat alienatio ab exterioribus sensibus per hoc quod mens prophetae illustratur intelligibili lumine, aut formatur intelligibilibus speciebus, quia in nobis perfectum iudicium intellectus habetur per conversionem ad sensibilia, quae sunt prima nostrae cognitionis principia, ut in primo habitum est.

Sed quando fit revelatio prophetica secundum formas imaginarias, necesse est fieri abstractionem a sensibus, ut talis apparitio phantasmatum non referatur ad ea quae exterius sentiuntur. Sed abstractio a sensibus quandoque fit perfecte, ut scilicet nihil homo sensibus percipiat. Quandoque autem imperfecte, ut scilicet aliquid percipiat sensibus, non tamen plene discernat ea quae exterius percipit ab his quae imaginabiliter videt, unde Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. Ad litt., sic videntur quae in spiritu fiunt imagines corporum, quemadmodum corpora per corpus, ita ut simul cernatur et homo aliquis praesens, et absens alius spiritu, tanquam oculis.

Talis tamen alienatio a sensibus non fit in prophetis cum aliqua inordinatione naturae, sicut in arreptitiis vel furiosis, sed per aliquam causam ordinatam, vel naturalem, sicut per somnum; vel animalem, sicut per vehementiam contemplationis, sicut de Petro legitur, Act. X, quod, cum oraret in caenaculo, factus est in excessu mentis; vel virtute divina rapiente, secundum illud Ezech. I, facta est super eum manus domini.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur de prophetis quibus imprimebantur vel ordinabantur imaginariae formae, vel in dormiendo, quod significatur per somnium; vel in vigilando, quod significatur per visionem.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod quando mens intenditur in suo actu circa absentia, quae sunt a sensibus remota, tunc propter vehementiam intentionis sequitur alienatio a sensibus. Sed quando mens intenditur in suo actu circa dispositionem vel iudicium sensibilium, non oportet quod a sensibus abstrahatur.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod motus mentis prophetice non est secundum virtutem propriam, sed secundum virtutem superioris influxus. Et ideo, quando ex superiori influxu mens prophetae inclinatur ad iudicandum vel disponendum aliquid circa sensibilia, non fit alienatio a sensibus, sed solum quando elevatur mens ad contemplandum aliqua sublimiora.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod spiritus prophetarum dicuntur esse subiecti prophetis, quantum ad propheticam enuntiationem, de qua ibi apostolus loquitur; quia scilicet ex proprio sensu loquuntur ea quae viderunt, non mente perturbata, sicut arreptitii, ut dixerunt Priscilla, et montanus.

Sed in ipsa prophetica revelatione potius ipsi subiiciuntur spiritui prophetiae, idest dono prophetico.