Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the degrees of prophecy cannot be distinguished according to the imaginary vision. For the degrees of a thing bear relation to something that is on its own account, not on account of something else. Now, in prophecy, intellectual vision is sought on its own account, and imaginary vision on account of something else, as stated above (Article 2, ad 2). Therefore it would seem that the degrees of prophecy are distinguished not according to imaginary, but only according to intellectual, vision.

Objection 2: Further, seemingly for one prophet there is one degree of prophecy. Now one prophet receives revelation through various imaginary visions. Therefore a difference of imaginary visions does not entail a difference of prophecy.

Objection 3: Further, according to a gloss , prophecy consists of words, deeds, dreams, and visions. Therefore the degrees of prophecy should not be distinguished according to imaginary vision, to which vision and dreams pertain, rather than according to words and deeds.

On the contrary, The medium differentiates the degrees of knowledge: thus science based on direct proofs is more excellent than science based on indirect premises or than opinion, because it comes through a more excellent medium. Now imaginary vision is a kind of medium in prophetic knowledge. Therefore the degrees of prophecy should be distinguished according to imaginary vision.

I answer that, As stated above (Question 173, Article 2), the prophecy wherein, by the intelligible light, a supernatural truth is revealed through an imaginary vision, holds the mean between the prophecy wherein a supernatural truth is revealed without imaginary vision, and that wherein through the intelligible light and without an imaginary vision, man is directed to know or do things pertaining to human conduct. Now knowledge is more proper to prophecy than is action; wherefore the lowest degree of prophecy is when a man, by an inward instinct, is moved to perform some outward action. Thus it is related of Samson (Judges 15:14) that "the Spirit of the Lord came strongly upon him, and as the flax is wont to be consumed at the approach of fire, so the bands with which he was bound were broken and loosed." The second degree of prophecy is when a man is enlightened by an inward light so as to know certain things, which, however, do not go beyond the bounds of natural knowledge: thus it is related of Solomon (3 Kgs. 4:32,33) that "he spoke . . . parables . . . and he treated about trees from the cedar that is in Libanus unto the hyssop that cometh out of the wall, and he discoursed of beasts and of fowls, and of creeping things and of fishes": and all of this came from divine inspiration, for it was stated previously (3 Kgs. 4:29): "God gave to Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much."

Nevertheless these two degrees are beneath prophecy properly so called, because they do not attain to supernatural truth. The prophecy wherein supernatural truth is manifested through imaginary vision is differentiated first according to the difference between dreams which occur during sleep, and vision which occurs while one is awake. The latter belongs to a higher degree of prophecy, since the prophetic light that draws the soul away to supernatural things while it is awake and occupied with sensible things would seem to be stronger than that which finds a man's soul asleep and withdrawn from objects of sense. Secondly the degrees of this prophecy are differentiated according to the expressiveness of the imaginary signs whereby the intelligible truth is conveyed. And since words are the most expressive signs of intelligible truth, it would seem to be a higher degree of prophecy when the prophet, whether awake or asleep, hears words expressive of an intelligible truth, than when he sees things significative of truth, for instance "the seven full ears of corn" signified "seven years of plenty" (Gn. 41:22,26). In such like signs prophecy would seem to be the more excellent, according as the signs are more expressive, for instance when Jeremias saw the burning of the city under the figure of a boiling cauldron (Jer. 1:13). Thirdly, it is evidently a still higher degree of prophecy when a prophet not only sees signs of words or deeds, but also, either awake or asleep, sees someone speaking or showing something to him, since this proves the prophet's mind to have approached nearer to the cause of the revelation. Fourthly, the height of a degree of prophecy may be measured according to the appearance of the person seen: for it is a higher degree of prophecy, if he who speaks or shows something to the waking or sleeping prophet be seen by him under the form of an angel, than if he be seen by him under the form of man: and higher still is it, if he be seen by the prophet whether asleep or awake, under the appearance of God, according to Is. 6:1, "I saw the Lord sitting."

But above all these degrees there is a third kind of prophecy, wherein an intelligible and supernatural truth is shown without any imaginary vision. However, this goes beyond the bounds of prophecy properly so called, as stated above (Article 2, ad 3); and consequently the degrees of prophecy are properly distinguished according to imaginary vision.

Reply to Objection 1: We are unable to know how to distinguish the intellectual light, except by means of imaginary or sensible signs. Hence the difference in the intellectual light is gathered from the difference in the things presented to the imagination.

Reply to Objection 2: As stated above (Question 171, Article 2), prophecy is by way, not of an abiding habit, but of a transitory passion; wherefore there is nothing inconsistent if one and the same prophet, at different times, receive various degrees of prophetic revelation.

Reply to Objection 3: The words and deeds mentioned there do not pertain to the prophetic revelation, but to the announcement, which is made according to the disposition of those to whom that which is revealed to the prophet is announced; and this is done sometimes by words, sometimes by deeds. Now this announcement, and the working of miracles, are something consequent upon prophecy, as stated above (Question 171, Article 1).

Articulus 3

Argumentum 1

Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod gradus prophetiae non possint distingui secundum visionem imaginariam. Gradus enim alicuius rei non attenditur secundum id quod est propter aliud, sed secundum id quod est propter se. In prophetia autem propter quaeritur visio intellectualis, propter aliud autem visio imaginaria, ut supra dictum est.

Ergo videtur quod gradus prophetiae non distinguantur secundum imaginariam visionem, sed solum secundum intellectualem.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, unius prophetae videtur esse unus gradus prophetiae.

Sed uni prophetae fit revelatio secundum diversas imaginarias visiones. Ergo diversitas imaginariae visionis non diversificat gradus prophetiae.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, secundum Glossam, in principio Psalterii, prophetia consistit in dictis et factis, somnio et visione.

Non ergo debet prophetiae gradus magis distingui secundum imaginariam visionem, ad quam pertinet visio et somnium, quam secundum dicta et facta.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod medium diversificat gradus cognitionis, sicut scientia propter quid est altior, eo quod est per nobilius medium, quam scientia quia, vel etiam quam opinio. Sed visio imaginaria in cognitione prophetica est sicut quoddam medium. Ergo gradus prophetiae distingui debent secundum imaginariam visionem.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, prophetia in qua per lumen intelligibile revelatur aliqua supernaturalis veritas per imaginariam visionem, medium gradum tenet inter illam prophetiam in qua revelatur supernaturalis veritas absque imaginaria visione, et illam in qua per lumen intelligibile absque imaginaria visione dirigitur homo ad ea cognoscenda vel agenda quae pertinent ad humanam conversationem.

Magis autem est proprium prophetiae cognitio quam operatio.

Et ideo infimus gradus prophetiae est cum aliquis ex interiori instinctu movetur ad aliqua exterius facienda, sicut de Samsone dicitur, iudic. XV, quod irruit spiritus domini in eum, et sicut solent ad ardorem ignis ligna consumi, ita et vincula quibus ligatus erat, dissipata sunt et soluta.

Secundus autem gradus prophetiae est cum aliquis ex interiori lumine illustratur ad cognoscendum aliqua quae tamen non excedunt limites naturalis cognitionis, sicut dicitur de Salomone, III Reg. IV, quod locutus est parabolas, et disputavit super lignis, a cedro quae est in Libano usque ad hyssopum quae egreditur de pariete, et disseruit de iumentis et volucribus et reptilibus et piscibus.

Et hoc totum fuit ex divina inspiratione, nam praemittitur, dedit deus sapientiam Salomoni, et prudentiam multam nimis.

Hi tamen duo gradus sunt infra prophetiam proprie dictam, quia non attingunt ad supernaturalem veritatem. Illa autem prophetia in qua manifestatur supernaturalis veritas per imaginariam visionem, diversificatur primo, secundum differentiam somnii, quod fit in dormiendo; et visionis, quae fit in vigilando. Quae pertinet ad altiorem gradum prophetiae, quia maior vis prophetici luminis esse videtur quae animam occupatam circa sensibilia in vigilando abstrahit ad supernaturalia, quam illa quae animam hominis abstractam a sensibilibus invenit in dormiendo. Secundo autem diversificantur gradus prophetiae quantum ad expressionem signorum imaginabilium quibus veritas intelligibilis exprimitur.

Et quia signa maxime expressa intelligibilis veritatis sunt verba ideo altior gradus prophetiae videtur quando propheta audit verba exprimentia intelligibilem veritatem, sive in vigilando sive in dormiendo, quam quando videt aliquas res significativas veritatis, sicut septem spicae plenae significant septem annos ubertatis. In quibus etiam signis tanto videtur prophetia esse altior, quanto signa sunt magis expressa, sicut quod ieremias vidit incendium civitatis sub similitudine ollae succensae, sicut dicitur Ierem. I.

Tertio autem ostenditur esse altior gradus prophetiae quando propheta non solum videt signa verborum vel factorum, sed etiam videt, in vigilando vel in dormiendo, aliquem sibi colloquentem aut aliquid demonstrantem, quia per hoc ostenditur quod mens prophetae magis appropinquat ad causam revelantem. Quarto autem potest attendi altitudo gradus prophetalis ex conditione eius qui videtur. Nam altior gradus prophetiae est si ille qui loquitur vel demonstrat, videatur, in vigilando vel dormiendo, in specie Angeli, quam si videatur in specie hominis. Et adhuc altior si videatur, in dormiendo vel vigilando, in specie dei, secundum illud Isaiae VI, vidi dominum sedentem.

Super omnes autem hos gradus est tertium genus prophetiae, in quo intelligibilis veritas et supernaturalis absque imaginaria visione ostenditur. Quae tamen excedit rationem prophetiae proprie dictae, ut dictum est.

Et ideo consequens est quod gradus prophetiae proprie dictae distinguantur secundum imaginariam visionem.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod discretio luminis intelligibilis non potest a nobis cognosci nisi secundum quod iudicatur per aliqua signa imaginaria vel sensibilia. Et ideo ex diversitate imaginatorum perpenditur diversitas intellectualis luminis.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, prophetia non est per modum habitus immanentis, sed magis per modum passionis transeuntis. Unde non est inconveniens quod uni et eidem prophetae fiat revelatio prophetica diversis vicibus secundum diversos gradus.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod dicta et facta de quibus ibi fit mentio, non pertinent ad revelationem prophetiae, sed ad denuntiationem, quae fit secundum dispositionem eorum quibus denuntiatur id quod prophetae revelatum est; et hoc fit quandoque per dicta, quandoque per facta. Denuntiatio autem et operatio miraculorum consequenter se habent ad prophetiam, ut supra dictum est.