Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the soul of Christ cannot know the infinite in the Word. For that the infinite should be known is repugnant to the definition of the infinite which (Phys. iii, 63) is said to be that "from which, however much we may take, there always remains something to be taken." But it is impossible for the definition to be separated from the thing defined, since this would mean that contradictories exist together. Therefore it is impossible that the soul of Christ knows the infinite.

Objection 2: Further, the knowledge of the infinite is infinite. But the knowledge of the soul of Christ cannot be infinite, because its capacity is finite, since it is created. Therefore the soul of Christ cannot know the infinite.

Objection 3: Further, there can be nothing greater than the infinite. But more is contained in the Divine knowledge, absolutely speaking, than in the knowledge of Christ's soul, as stated above (Article 2). Therefore the soul of Christ does not know the infinite.

On the contrary, The soul of Christ knows all its power and all it can do. Now it can cleanse infinite sins, according to 1 Jn. 2:2: "He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world." Therefore the soul of Christ knows the infinite.

I answer that, Knowledge regards only being, since being and truth are convertible. Now a thing is said to be a being in two ways: First, simply, i.e. whatever is a being in act; secondly, relatively, i.e. whatever is a being in potentiality. And because, as is said Metaph. ix, 20, everything is known as it is in act, and not as it is in potentiality, knowledge primarily and essentially regards being in act, and secondarily regards being in potentiality, which is not knowable of itself, but inasmuch as that in whose power it exists is known. Hence, with regard to the first mode of knowledge, the soul of Christ does not know the infinite. Because there is not an infinite number in act, even though we were to reckon all that are in act at any time whatsoever, since the state of generation and corruption will not last for ever: consequently there is a certain number not only of things lacking generation and corruption, but also of things capable of generation and corruption. But with regard to the other mode of knowing, the soul of Christ knows infinite things in the Word, for it knows, as stated above (Article 2), all that is in the power of the creature. Hence, since in the power of the creature there is an infinite number of things, it knows the infinite, as it were, by a certain knowledge of simple intelligence, and not by a knowledge of vision.

Reply to Objection 1: As we said in the 1, Question 8, Article 1, the infinite is taken in two ways. First, on the part of a form, and thus we have the negatively infinite, i.e. a form or act not limited by being received into matter or a subject; and this infinite of itself is most knowable on account of the perfection of the act, although it is not comprehensible by the finite power of the creature; for thus God is said to be infinite. And this infinite the soul of Christ knows, yet does not comprehend. Secondly, there is the infinite as regards matter, which is taken privatively, i.e. inasmuch as it has not the form it ought naturally to have, and in this way we have infinite in quantity. Now such an infinite of itself, is unknown: inasmuch as it is, as it were, matter with privation of form as is said Phys. iii, 65. But all knowledge is by form or act. Therefore if this infinite is to be known according to its mode of being, it cannot be known. For its mode is that part be taken after part, as is said Phys. iii, 62,63. And in this way it is true that, if we take something from it, i.e. taking part after part, there always remains something to be taken. But as material things can be received by the intellect immaterially, and many things unitedly, so can infinite things be received by the intellect, not after the manner of infinite, but finitely; and thus what are in themselves infinite are, in the intellect of the knower, finite. And in this way the soul of Christ knows an infinite number of things, inasmuch as it knows them not by discoursing from one to another, but in a certain unity, i.e. in any creature in whose potentiality infinite things exist, and principally in the Word Himself.

Reply to Objection 2: There is nothing to hinder a thing from being infinite in one way and finite in another, as when in quantities we imagine a surface infinite in length and finite in breadth. Hence, if there were an infinite number of men, they would have a relative infinity, i.e. in multitude; but, as regards the essence, they would be finite, since the essence of all would be limited to one specific nature. But what is simply infinite in its essence is God, as was said in the 1, Question 7, Article 2. Now the proper object of the intellect is "what a thing is," as is said De Anima iii, 26, to which pertains the notion of the species. And thus the soul of Christ, since it has a finite capacity, attains to, but does not comprehend, what is simply infinite in essence, as stated above (Article 1). But the infinite in potentiality which is in creatures can be comprehended by the soul of Christ, since it is compared to that soul according to its essence, in which respect it is not infinite. For even our intellect understands a universal---for example, the nature of a genus or species, which in a manner has infinity, inasmuch as it can be predicated of an infinite number.

Reply to Objection 3: That which is infinite in every way can be but one. Hence the Philosopher says (De Coel. i, 2,3,) that, since bodies have dimensions in every part, there cannot be several infinite bodies. Yet if anything were infinite in one way only, nothing would hinder the existence of several such infinite things; as if we were to suppose several lines of infinite length drawn on a surface of finite breadth. Hence, because infinitude is not a substance, but is accidental to things that are said to be infinite, as the Philosopher says (Phys. iii, 37,38); as the infinite is multiplied by different subjects, so, too, a property of the infinite must be multiplied, in such a way that it belongs to each of them according to that particular subject. Now it is a property of the infinite that nothing is greater than it. Hence, if we take one infinite line, there is nothing greater in it than the infinite; so, too, if we take any one of other infinite lines, it is plain that each has infinite parts. Therefore of necessity in this particular line there is nothing greater than all these infinite parts; yet in another or a third line there will be more infinite parts besides these. We observe this in numbers also, for the species of even numbers are infinite, and likewise the species of odd numbers are infinite; yet there are more even and odd numbers than even. And thus it must be said that nothing is greater than the simply and in every way infinite; but than the infinite which is limited in some respect, nothing is greater in that order; yet we may suppose something greater outside that order. In this way, therefore, there are infinite things in the potentiality of the creature, and yet there are more in the power of God than in the potentiality of the creature. So, too, the soul of Christ knows infinite things by the knowledge of simple intelligence; yet God knows more by this manner of knowledge or understanding.

Articulus 3

Argumentum 1

Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod anima christi non possit cognoscere infinita in verbo. Quod enim infinitum cognoscatur, repugnat definitioni infiniti, prout dicitur in III physic. Quod infinitum est cuius quantitatem accipientibus semper est aliquid extra accipere.

Impossibile autem est definitionem a definito separari, quia hoc esset contradictoria esse simul. Ergo impossibile est quod anima christi sciat infinita.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, infinitorum scientia est infinita. Sed scientia animae christi non potest esse infinita, est enim capacitas eius finita, cum sit creatura. Non ergo anima christi potest cognoscere infinita.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, infinito non potest esse aliquid maius. Sed plura continentur in scientia divina, absolute loquendo, quam in scientia animae christi, ut dictum est.

Ergo anima christi non cognoscit infinita.

Sed Contra

Sed contra, anima christi cognoscit totam suam potentiam, et omnia in quae potest. Potest autem in emundationem infinitorum peccatorum, secundum illud I Ioan. II, ipse est propitiatio pro peccatis nostris, non autem pro nostris tantum, sed etiam totius mundi.

Ergo anima christi cognoscit infinita.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod scientia non est nisi entis, eo quod ens et verum convertuntur. Dupliciter autem dicitur aliquid ens, uno modo, simpliciter, quod scilicet est ens actu; alio modo, secundum quid, quod scilicet est ens in potentia. Et quia, ut dicitur in IX metaphys., unumquodque cognoscitur secundum quod est actu, non autem secundum quod est in potentia, scientia primo et principaliter respicit ens actu. Secundario autem respicit ens in potentia, quod quidem non secundum seipsum cognoscibile est, sed secundum quod cognoscitur illud in cuius potentia existit. Quantum igitur ad primum modum scientiae, anima christi non scit infinita. Quia non sunt infinita in actu, etiam si accipiantur omnia quaecumque sunt in actu secundum quodcumque tempus, eo quod status generationis et corruptionis non durat in infinitum; unde est certus numerus non solum eorum quae sunt absque generatione et corruptione, sed etiam generabilium et corruptibilium. Quantum vero ad alium modum sciendi, anima christi in verbo scit infinita. Scit enim, ut dictum est, omnia quae sunt in potentia creaturae. Unde, cum in potentia creaturae sint infinita, per hunc modum scit infinita, quasi quadam scientia simplicis intelligentiae, non autem scientia visionis.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod infinitum, sicut in prima parte dictum est, dupliciter dicitur. Uno modo, secundum rationem formae. Et sic dicitur infinitum negative, scilicet id quod est forma vel actus non limitatus per materiam vel subiectum in quo recipiatur. Et huiusmodi infinitum, quantum est de se, est maxime cognoscibile, propter perfectionem actus, licet non sit comprehensibile a potentia finita creaturae, sic enim dicitur deus infinitus. Et tale infinitum anima christi cognoscit, licet non comprehendat. Alio modo dicitur infinitum secundum potentiam materiae. Quod quidem dicitur privative, ex hoc scilicet quod non habet formam quam natum est habere. Et per hunc modum dicitur infinitum in quantitate. Tale autem infinitum ex sui ratione est ignotum, quia scilicet est quasi materia cum privatione formae, ut dicitur in III physic.; omnis autem cognitio est per formam vel actum. Sic igitur, si huiusmodi infinitum cognosci debeat secundum modum ipsius cogniti, impossibile est quod cognoscatur, est enim modus ipsius ut accipiatur pars eius post partem, ut dicitur in III physic.. Et hoc modo verum est quod eius quantitatem accipientibus, scilicet parte accepta post partem, semper est aliquid extra accipere.

Sed sicut materialia possunt accipi ab intellectu immaterialiter, et multa unite, ita infinita possunt accipi ab intellectu non per modum infiniti, sed quasi finite, ut sic ea quae sunt in seipsis infinita, sint intellectui cognoscentis finita. Et hoc modo anima christi scit infinita, inquantum scilicet scit ea, non discurrendo per singula, sed in aliquo uno; puta in aliqua creatura in cuius potentia praeexistunt infinita; et principaliter in ipso verbo.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse infinitum uno modo quod est alio modo finitum, sicut si imaginemur in quantitatibus superficiem quae sit secundum longitudinem infinita secundum latitudinem autem finita. Sic igitur, si essent infiniti homines numero, haberent quidem infinita esse secundum aliquid, scilicet secundum multitudinem, secundum tamen rationem essentiae non haberent infinitatem, eo quod omnis essentia esset limitata sub ratione unius speciei. Sed illud quod est simpliciter infinitum secundum essentiae rationem, est deus, ut in prima parte dictum est, proprium autem obiectum intellectus est quod quid est, ut dicitur in III de anima, ad quod pertinet ratio speciei. Sic igitur anima christi, propter hoc quod habet capacitatem finitam, id quod est simpliciter infinitum secundum essentiam, scilicet deum, attingit quidem, sed non comprehendit, ut dictum est.

Id autem infinitum quod in creaturis est in potentia, potest comprehendi ab anima christi, quia comparatur ad ipsam secundum essentiae rationem, ex qua parte infinitatem non habet. Nam etiam intellectus noster intelligit universale, puta naturam generis vel speciei, quod quodammodo habet infinitatem, inquantum potest de infinitis praedicari.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod id quod est infinitum omnibus modis, non potest esse nisi unum, unde et philosophus dicit, in I de caelo et mundo, quod quia corpus est ad omnem partem dimensionatum, impossibile est plura esse corpora infinita.

Si tamen aliquid esset infinitum uno modo tantum, nihil prohiberet esse plura talia infinita, sicut si intelligeremus plures lineas infinitas secundum longitudinem protractas in aliqua superficie finita secundum latitudinem.

Quia igitur infinitum non est substantia quaedam, sed accidit rebus quae dicuntur infinitae, ut dicitur in III physic.; sicut infinitum multiplicatur secundum diversa subiecta, ita necesse est quod proprietas infiniti multiplicetur, ita quod conveniat unicuique eorum secundum illud subiectum. Est autem quaedam proprietas infiniti quod infinito non sit aliquid maius. Sic igitur, si accipiamus unam lineam infinitam, in illa non est aliquid maius infinito. Et similiter, si accipiamus quamcumque aliarum linearum infinitarum, manifestum est quod uniuscuiusque earum partes sunt infinitae. Oportet igitur quod omnibus illis infinitis non sit aliquid maius in illa linea, tamen in alia linea et in tertia erunt plures partes, etiam infinitae, praeter istas. Et hoc etiam videmus in numeris accidere, nam species numerorum parium sunt infinitae, et similiter species numerorum imparium; et tamen numeri et pares et impares sunt plures quam pares. Sic igitur dicendum quod infinito simpliciter quoad omnia, nihil est maius, infinito autem secundum aliquid determinatum, non est aliquid maius in illo ordine, potest tamen accipi aliquid maius extra illum ordinem. Per hunc igitur modum infinita sunt in potentia creaturae, et tamen plura sunt in potentia dei quam in potentia creaturae. Et similiter anima christi scit infinita scientia simplicis intelligentiae, plura tamen scit deus secundum hunc intelligentiae modum.