Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the miracles which Christ worked were not a sufficient proof of His Godhead. For it is proper to Christ to be both God and man. But the miracles which Christ worked have been done by others also. Therefore they were not a sufficient proof of His Godhead.

Objection 2: Further, no power surpasses that of the Godhead. But some have worked greater miracles than Christ, for it is written (Jn. 14:12): "He that believeth in Me, the works that I do, he also shall do, and greater than these shall he do." Therefore it seems that the miracles which Christ worked are not sufficient proof of His Godhead.

Objection 3: Further, the particular is not a sufficient proof of the universal. But any one of Christ's miracles was one particular work. Therefore none of them was a sufficient proof of His Godhead, by reason of which He had universal power over all things.

On the contrary, our Lord said (Jn. 5:36): "The works which the Father hath given Me to perfect . . . themselves . . . give testimony of Me."

I answer that, The miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of His Godhead in three respects. First, as to the very nature of the works, which surpassed the entire capability of created power, and therefore could not be done save by Divine power. For this reason the blind man, after his sight had been restored, said (Jn. 9:32,33): "From the beginning of the world it has not been heard, that any man hath opened the eyes of one born blind. Unless this man were of God, he could not do anything."

Secondly, as to the way in which He worked miracles---namely, because He worked miracles as though of His own power, and not by praying, as others do. Wherefore it is written (Lk. 6:19) that "virtue went out from Him and healed all." Whereby it is proved, as Cyril says (Comment. in Lucam) that "He did not receive power from another, but, being God by nature, He showed His own power over the sick. And this is how He worked countless miracles." Hence on Mt. 8:16: "He cast out spirits with His word, and all that were sick He healed," Chrysostom says: "Mark how great a multitude of persons healed, the Evangelists pass quickly over, not mentioning one by one . . . but in one word traversing an unspeakable sea of miracles." And thus it was shown that His power was co-equal with that of God the Father, according to Jn. 5:19: "What things soever" the Father "doth, these the Son doth also in like manner"; and, again (Jn. 5:21): "As the Father raiseth up the dead and giveth life, so the Son also giveth life to whom He will."

Thirdly, from the very fact that He taught that He was God; for unless this were true it would not be confirmed by miracles worked by Divine power. Hence it was said (Mk. 1:27): "What is this new doctrine? For with power He commandeth the unclean spirits, and they obey Him."

Reply to Objection 1: This was the argument of the Gentiles. Wherefore Augustine says (Ep. ad Volusian. cxxxvii): "No suitable wonders; say they, show forth the presence of so great majesty, for the ghostly cleansing" whereby He cast out demons, "the cure of the sick, the raising of the dead to life, if other miracles be taken into account, are small things before God." To this Augustine answers thus: "We own that the prophets did as much . . . But even Moses himself and the other prophets made Christ the Lord the object of their prophecy, and gave Him great glory . . . He, therefore, chose to do similar things to avoid the inconsistency of failing to do what He had done through others. Yet still He was bound to do something which no other had done: to be born of a virgin, to rise from the dead, and to ascend into heaven. If anyone deem this a slight thing for God to do, I know not what more he can expect. Having become man, ought He to have made another world, that we might believe Him to be Him by whom the world was made? But in this world neither a greater world could be made nor one equal to it: and if He had made a lesser world in comparison with this, that too would have been deemed a small thing."

As to the miracles worked by others, Christ did greater still. Hence on Jn. 15:24: "If I had not done in them the works that no other men hath done," etc., Augustine says: "None of the works of Christ seem to be greater than the raising of the dead: which thing we know the ancient prophets also did . . . Yet Christ did some works 'which no other man hath done.' But we are told in answer that others did works which He did not, and which none other did . . . But to heal with so great a power so many defects and ailments and grievances of mortal men, this we read concerning none soever of the men of old. To say nothing of those, each of whom by His bidding, as they came in His way, He made whole . . . Mark saith (6:56): 'Whithersoever He entered, into towns or into villages or into cities, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought Him that they might touch but the hem of His garment: and as many as touched Him were made whole.' These things none other did in them; for when He saith 'In them,' it is not to be understood to mean 'Among them,' or 'In their presence,' but wholly 'In them,' because He healed them . . . Therefore whatever works He did in them are works that none ever did; since if ever any other man did any one of them, by His doing he did it; whereas these works He did, not by their doing, but by Himself."

Reply to Objection 2: Augustine explains this passage of John as follows (Tract. lxxi): "What are these 'greater works' which believers in Him would do? That, as they passed by, their very shadow healed the sick? For it is greater that a shadow should heal than the hem of a garment . . . When, however, He said these words, it was the deeds and works of His words that He spoke of: for when He said . . . 'The Father who abideth in Me, He doth the works,' what works did He mean, then, but the words He was speaking? . . . and the fruits of those same words was the faith of those (who believed): but when the disciples preached the Gospel, not some few like those, but the very nations believed . . . (Tract. lxxii). Did not that rich man go away from His presence sorrowful? . . . and yet afterwards, what one individual, having heard from Him, did not, that many did when He spake by the mouth of His disciples . . . Behold, He did greater works when spoken of by men believing than when speaking to men hearing. But there is yet this difficulty: that He did these 'greater works' by the apostles: whereas He saith as meaning not only them: . . . 'He that believeth in Me' . . . Listen! . . . 'He that believeth in Me, the works that I do, he also shall do': first, 'I do,' then 'he also shall do,' because I do that he may do. What works---but that from ungodly he should be made righteous? . . . Which thing Christ worketh in him, truly, but not without him. Yes, I may affirm this to be altogether greater than to create" "heaven and earth . . . for 'heaven and earth shall pass away'; but the salvation and justification of the predestinate shall remain . . . But also in the heavens . . . the angels are the works of Christ: and does that man do greater works than these, who co-operates with Christ in the work of his justification? . . . let him, who can, judge whether it be greater to create a righteous being than to justify an ungodly one. Certainly if both are works of equal power, the latter is a work of greater mercy."

"But there is no need for us to understand all the works of Christ, where He saith 'Greater than these shall he do.' For by 'these' He meant, perhaps, those which He was doing at that hour: now at that time He was speaking words of faith: . . . and certainly it is less to preach words of righteousness, which thing He did without us, than to justify the ungodly, which thing He so doth in us that we also do it ourselves."

Reply to Objection 3: When some particular work is proper to some agent, then that particular work is a sufficient proof of the whole power of that agent: thus, since the act of reasoning is proper to man, the mere fact that someone reasons about any particular proposition proves him to be a man. In like manner, since it is proper to God to work miracles by His own power, any single miracle worked by Christ by His own power is a sufficient proof that He is God.

Articulus 4

Argumentum 1

Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod miracula quae christus fecit, non fuerunt sufficientia ad ostendendam divinitatem ipsius.

Esse enim deum et hominem proprium est christo. Sed miracula quae christus fecit, etiam ab aliis sunt facta. Ergo videtur quod non fuerint sufficientia ad ostendendam divinitatem ipsius.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, virtute divinitatis nihil est maius. Sed aliqui fecerunt maiora miracula quam christus, dicitur enim Ioan. XIV, qui credit in me, opera quae ego facio, et ipse faciet, et maiora horum faciet.

Ergo videtur quod miracula quae christus fecit, non fuerint sufficientia ad ostendendum divinitatem ipsius.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, ex particulari non sufficienter ostenditur universale.

Sed quodlibet miraculorum christi fuit quoddam particulare opus.

Ergo ex nullo eorum potuit manifestari sufficienter divinitas christi, ad quam pertinet universalem virtutem habere de omnibus.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dominus dicit, Ioan. V, opera quae dedit mihi pater ut faciam, ipsa testimonium perhibent de me.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod miracula quae christus fecit, sufficientia erant ad manifestandum divinitatem ipsius, secundum tria. Primo quidem, secundum ipsam speciem operum, quae transcendebant omnem potestatem creatae virtutis, et ideo non poterant fieri nisi virtute divina. Et propter hoc caecus illuminatus dicebat, Ioan. IX a saeculo non est auditum quia aperuit quis oculos caeci nati.

Nisi esset hic a deo, non posset facere quidquam.

Secundo, propter modum miracula faciendi, quia scilicet quasi propria potestate miracula faciebat, non autem orando, sicut alii.

Unde dicitur Luc. VI, quod virtus de illo exibat et sanabat omnes.

Per quod ostenditur, sicut Cyrillus dicit, quod non accipiebat alienam virtutem, sed, cum esset naturaliter deus, propriam virtutem super infirmos ostendebat. Et propter hoc etiam innumerabilia miracula faciebat.

Unde super illud Matth. VIII, eiiciebat spiritus verbo, et omnes male habentes curavit, dicit chrysostomus, intende quantam multitudinem curatam transcurrunt evangelistae, non unumquemque curatum enarrantes, sed uno verbo pelagus ineffabile miraculorum inducentes.

Et ex hoc ostendebatur quod haberet virtutem coaequalem deo patri, secundum illud Ioan. V, quaecumque pater facit, haec et filius similiter facit; et ibidem, sicut pater suscitat mortuos et vivificat, sic et filius quos vult vivificat.

Tertio, ex ipsa doctrina qua se deum dicebat, quae nisi vera esset, non confirmaretur miraculis divina virtute factis.

Et ideo dicitur marci I, quaenam doctrina haec nova? quia in potestate spiritibus immundis imperat, et obediunt ei?

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod haec erat obiectio gentilium.

Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad volusianum, nulla, inquiunt, competentibus signis tantae maiestatis indicia claruerunt. Quia larvalis illa purgatio, qua scilicet Daemones effugabat, debilium cura, reddita vita defunctis, si et alia considerentur, deo parva sunt.

Et ad hoc respondet Augustinus, fatemur et nos talia quidem fecisse prophetas. Sed et ipse Moyses et ceteri prophetae dominum iesum prophetaverunt, et ei gloriam magnam dederunt. Qui propterea talia et ipse facere voluit, ne esset absurdum, quod per illos fecerat, si ipse non faceret. Sed tamen et aliquid proprium facere debuit, nasci de virgine, resurgere a mortuis, in caelum ascendere. Hoc deo qui parum putat, quid plus expectet ignoro. Num, homine assumpto, alium mundum facere debuit, ut eum esse crederemus per quem factus est mundus? sed nec maior mundus, nec isti aequalis in hoc fieri posset, si autem minorem faceret infra istum, similiter hoc quoque parum putaretur.

Quae tamen alii fecerunt, christus excellentius fecit.

Unde super Ioan. XV, si opera non fecissem in eis quae nemo alius fecit, etc., dicit Augustinus, nulla in operibus christi videntur esse maiora quam suscitatio mortuorum, quod scimus etiam antiquos fecisse prophetas. Fecit tamen aliqua christus quae nemo alius fecit. Sed respondetur nobis et alios fecisse quae nec ipse, nec alius fecit. Sed quod tam multa vitia et malas valetudines vexationesque mortalium tanta potestate sanaret, nullus omnino legitur antiquorum fecisse. Ut enim taceatur quod iubendo, sicut occurrebant, salvos singulos fecit, marcus dicit, quocumque introibat in vicos aut in villas aut in civitates, in plateis ponebant infirmos, et deprecabantur eum ut vel fimbriam vestimenti eius tangerent, et quotquot tangebant eum, salvi fiebant. Haec nemo alius fecit in eis. Sic enim intelligendum est quod ait, in eis, non inter eos, aut coram eis, sed prorsus in eis, quia sanavit eos. Nec tamen alius fecit, quicumque in eis talia opera fecit, quoniam quisquis alius homo aliquid eorum fecit, ipso faciente fecit; haec autem ipse, non illis facientibus, fecit.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod Augustinus, exponens illud verbum ioannis, inquirit, quae sunt ista opera maiora, quae credentes in eum erant facturi? an forte quod aegros, ipsis transeuntibus, etiam eorum umbra sanabat? maius est enim quod sanet umbra, quam fimbria. Veruntamen, quando ista christus dicebat, verborum suorum facta et opera commendabat. Cum enim dixit, pater in me manens ipse facit opera, quae opera tunc dicebat, nisi verba quae loquebatur? et eorundem verborum fructus erat fides illorum. Veruntamen, evangelizantibus discipulis, non tam pauci quam illi erant, sed gentes etiam crediderunt. Nonne ab ore ipsius dives ille tristis abscessit, et tamen postea, quod ab illo auditum non fecit unus, fecerunt multi cum per discipulos loqueretur? ecce, maiora fecit praedicatus a credentibus, quam locutus audientibus. Verum hoc adhuc movet, quod haec maiora per apostolos fecit, non autem ipsos tantum significans ait, qui credit in me. Audi ergo, qui credit in me, opera quae ego facio, et ipse faciet. Prius ego facio, deinde et ipse faciet, quia facio ut faciat. Quae opera, nisi ut ex impio iustus fiat? quod utique in illo, sed non sine illo christus operatur. Prorsus maius hoc esse dixerim quam creare caelum et terram, caelum enim et terra transibunt, praedestinatorum autem salus et iustificatio permanebit. Sed in caelis Angeli opera sunt christi. Nunquid his operibus maiora facit qui cooperatur christo ad suam iustificationem? iudicet qui potest utrum maius sit iustos creare, quam impios iustificare. Certe, si aequalis est utrumque potentiae, hoc maioris est misericordiae. Sed omnia opera christi intelligere ubi ait, maiora horum faciet, nulla nos necessitas cogit. Horum enim forsitan dixit quae illa hora faciebat. Tunc autem verba fidei faciebat, et utique minus est verba praedicare iustitiae, quod fecit praeter nos, quam impium iustificare, quod ita facit in nobis ut faciamus et nos.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod, quando aliquod particulare opus proprium est alicuius agentis, tunc per illud particulare opus probatur tota virtus agentis, sicut, cum ratiocinari sit proprium hominis, ostenditur aliquis esse homo ex hoc ipso quod ratiocinatur circa quodcumque particulare propositum. Et similiter cum propria virtute miracula facere sit solius dei, sufficienter ostensum est christum esse deum ex quocumque miraculo quod propria virtute fecit.