Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It seems that determinate things are not required for a sacrament. For sensible things are required in sacraments for the purpose of signification, as stated above (Article 4). But nothing hinders the same thing being signified by divers sensible things: thus in Holy Scripture God is signified metaphorically, sometimes by a stone (2 Kgs. 22:2; Zach. 3:9; 1 Cor. 10:4; Apoc. 4:3); sometimes by a lion (Is. 31:4; Apoc. 5:5); sometimes by the sun (Is. 60:19,20; Mal. 4:2), or by something similar. Therefore it seems that divers things can be suitable to the same sacrament. Therefore determinate things are not required for the sacraments.

Objection 2: Further, the health of the soul is more necessary than that of the body. But in bodily medicines, which are ordained to the health of the body, one thing can be substituted for another which happens to be wanting. Therefore much more in the sacraments, which are spiritual remedies ordained to the health of the soul, can one thing be substituted for another when this happens to be lacking.

Objection 3: Further, it is not fitting that the salvation of men be restricted by the Divine Law: still less by the Law of Christ, Who came to save all. But in the state of the Law of nature determinate things were not required in the sacraments, but were put to that use through a vow, as appears from Gn. 28, where Jacob vowed that he would offer to God tithes and peace-offerings. Therefore it seems that man should not have been restricted, especially under the New Law, to the use of any determinate thing in the sacraments.

On the contrary, our Lord said (Jn. 3:5): "Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Ghost, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God."

I answer that, In the use of the sacraments two things may be considered, namely, the worship of God, and the sanctification of man: the former of which pertains to man as referred to God, and the latter pertains to God in reference to man. Now it is not for anyone to determine that which is in the power of another, but only that which is in his own power. Since, therefore, the sanctification of man is in the power of God Who sanctifies, it is not for man to decide what things should be used for his sanctification, but this should be determined by Divine institution. Therefore in the sacraments of the New Law, by which man is sanctified according to 1 Cor. 6:11, "You are washed, you are sanctified," we must use those things which are determined by Divine institution.

Reply to Objection 1: Though the same thing can be signified by divers signs, yet to determine which sign must be used belongs to the signifier. Now it is God Who signifies spiritual things to us by means of the sensible things in the sacraments, and of similitudes in the Scriptures. And consequently, just as the Holy Ghost decides by what similitudes spiritual things are to be signified in certain passages of Scripture, so also must it be determined by Divine institution what things are to be employed for the purpose of signification in this or that sacrament.

Reply to Objection 2: Sensible things are endowed with natural powers conducive to the health of the body: and therefore if two of them have the same virtue, it matters not which we use. Yet they are ordained unto sanctification not through any power that they possess naturally, but only in virtue of the Divine institution. And therefore it was necessary that God should determine the sensible things to be employed in the sacraments.

Reply to Objection 3: As Augustine says (Contra Faust. xix), diverse sacraments suit different times; just as different times are signified by different parts of the verb, viz. present, past, and future. Consequently, just as under the state of the Law of nature man was moved by inward instinct and without any outward law, to worship God, so also the sensible things to be employed in the worship of God were determined by inward instinct. But later on it became necessary for a law to be given (to man) from without: both because the Law of nature had become obscured by man's sins; and in order to signify more expressly the grace of Christ, by which the human race is sanctified. And hence the need for those things to be determinate, of which men have to make use in the sacraments. Nor is the way of salvation narrowed thereby: because the things which need to be used in the sacraments, are either in everyone's possession or can be had with little trouble.

Articulus 5

Argumentum 1

Ad quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non requirantur determinatae res ad sacramenta. Res enim sensibiles requiruntur in sacramentis ad significandum, ut dictum est.

Sed nihil prohibet diversis rebus sensibilibus idem significari, sicut in sacra Scriptura deus aliquando metaphorice significatur per lapidem, quandoque per leonem, quandoque per solem, aut aliquid huiusmodi.

Ergo videtur quod diversae res possint congruere eidem sacramento. Non ergo determinatae res in sacramentis requiruntur.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, magis necessaria est salus animae quam salus corporis.

Sed in medicinis corporalibus, quae ad salutem corporis ordinantur, potest una res pro alia poni in eius defectu. Ergo multo magis in sacramentis, quae sunt medicinae spirituales ad salutem animae ordinatae, poterit una res assumi pro alia quando illa defuerit.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, non est conveniens ut hominum salus arctetur per legem divinam, et praecipue per legem christi, qui venit omnes salvare.

Sed in statu legis naturae non requirebantur in sacramentis aliquae res determinatae, sed ex voto assumebantur, ut patet Gen. XXVIII, ubi se Iacob vovit deo decimas et hostias pacificas oblaturum. Ergo videtur quod non debuit arctari homo, et praecipue in nova lege, ad alicuius rei determinatae usum in sacramentis.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dominus dicit, Ioan. III, nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et spiritu sancto, non potest introire in regnum dei.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod in usu sacramentorum duo possunt considerari, scilicet cultus divinus, et sanctificatio hominis, quorum primum pertinet ad hominem per comparationem ad deum, secundum autem e converso pertinet ad deum per comparationem ad hominem. Non autem pertinet ad aliquem determinare quod est in potestate alterius, sed solum illud quod est in sua potestate.

Quia igitur sanctificatio hominis est in potestate dei sanctificantis, non pertinet ad hominem suo iudicio assumere res quibus sanctificetur, sed hoc debet esse ex divina institutione determinatum. Et ideo in sacramentis novae legis, quibus homines sanctificantur, secundum illud I Cor. VI, abluti estis, sanctificati estis, oportet uti rebus ex divina institutione determinatis.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, si idem possit per diversa signa significari, determinare tamen quo signo sit utendum ad significandum, pertinet ad significantem. Deus autem est qui nobis significat spiritualia per res sensibiles in sacramentis, et per verba similitudinaria in Scripturis. Et ideo, sicut iudicio spiritus sancti determinatum est quibus similitudinibus in certis Scripturae locis res spirituales significentur, ita etiam debet esse divina institutione determinatum quae res ad significandum assumantur in hoc vel in illo sacramento.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod res sensibiles habent naturaliter sibi inditas virtutes conferentes ad corporalem salutem, et ideo non refert, si duae earum eandem virtutem habeant, qua quis utatur.

Sed ad sanctificationem non ordinantur ex aliqua virtute naturaliter indita, sed solum ex institutione divina. Et ideo oportuit divinitus determinari quibus rebus sensibilibus sit in sacramentis utendum.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XIX contra faust., diversa sacramenta diversis temporibus congruunt, sicut etiam diversis verbis significantur diversa tempora, scilicet praesens, praeteritum et futurum.

Et ideo, sicut in statu legis naturae homines, nulla lege exterius data, solo interiori instinctu movebantur ad deum colendum, ita etiam ex interiori instinctu determinabatur eis quibus rebus sensibilibus ad dei cultum uterentur. Postmodum vero necesse fuit etiam exterius legem dari, tum propter obscurationem legis naturae ex peccatis hominum; tum etiam ad expressiorem significationem gratiae christi, per quam humanum genus sanctificatur. Et ideo etiam necesse fuit res determinari quibus homines uterentur in sacramentis. Nec propter hoc arctatur via salutis, quia res quarum usus est necessarius in sacramentis, vel communiter habentur, vel parvo studio adhibito haberi possunt.