Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the imposition of the priest's hands is necessary for this sacrament. For it is written (Mk. 16:18): "They shall lay hands upon the sick, and they shall recover." Now sinners are sick spiritually, and obtain recovery through this sacrament. Therefore an imposition of hands should be made in this sacrament.

Objection 2: Further, in this sacrament man regains the Holy Ghost Whom he had lost, wherefore it is said in the person of the penitent (Ps. 1:14): "Restore unto me the joy of Thy salvation, and strengthen me with a perfect spirit." Now the Holy Ghost is given by the imposition of hands; for we read (Acts 8:17) that the apostles "laid their hands upon them, and they received the Holy Ghost"; and (Mt. 19:13) that "little children were presented" to our Lord, "that He should impose hands upon them." Therefore an imposition of hands should be made in this sacrament.

Objection 3: Further, the priest's words are not more efficacious in this than in the other sacraments. But in the other sacraments the words of the minister do not suffice, unless he perform some action: thus, in Baptism, the priest while saying: "I baptize thee," has to perform a bodily washing. Therefore, also while saying: "I absolve thee," the priest should perform some action in regard to the penitent, by laying hands on him.

On the contrary, When our Lord said to Peter (Mt. 16:19): "Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth," etc., He made no mention of an imposition of hands; nor did He when He said to all the apostles (Jn. 20:13): "Whose sins you shall forgive, they are forgiven them." Therefore no imposition of hands is required for this sacrament.

I answer that, In the sacraments of the Church the imposition of hands is made, to signify some abundant effect of grace, through those on whom the hands are laid being, as it were, united to the ministers in whom grace should be plentiful. Wherefore an imposition of hands is made in the sacrament of Confirmation, wherein the fulness of the Holy Ghost is conferred; and in the sacrament of order, wherein is bestowed a certain excellence of power over the Divine mysteries; hence it is written (2 Tim. 1:6): "Stir up the grace of God which is in thee, by the imposition of my hands."

Now the sacrament of Penance is ordained, not that man may receive some abundance of grace, but that his sins may be taken away; and therefore no imposition of hands is required for this sacrament, as neither is there for Baptism, wherein nevertheless a fuller remission of sins is bestowed.

Reply to Objection 1: That imposition of hands is not sacramental, but is intended for the working of miracles, namely, that by the contact of a sanctified man's hand, even bodily infirmity might be removed; even as we read of our Lord (Mk. 6:5) that He cured the sick, "laying His hands upon them," and (Mt. 8:3) that He cleansed a leper by touching him.

Reply to Objection 2: It is not every reception of the Holy Ghost that requires an imposition of hands, since even in Baptism man receives the Holy Ghost, without any imposition of hands: it is at the reception of the fulness of the Holy Ghost which belongs to Confirmation that an imposition of hands is required.

Reply to Objection 3: In those sacraments which are perfected in the use of the matter, the minister has to perform some bodily action on the recipient of the sacrament, e.g. in Baptism, Confirmation, and Extreme Unction; whereas this sacrament does not consist in the use of matter employed outwardly, the matter being supplied by the part taken by the penitent: wherefore, just as in the Eucharist the priest perfects the sacrament by merely pronouncing the words over the matter, so the mere words which the priest while absolving pronounces over the penitent perfect the sacrament of absolution. If, indeed, any bodily act were necessary on the part of the priest, the sign of the cross, which is employed in the Eucharist, would not be less becoming than the imposition of hands, in token that sins are forgiven through the blood of Christ crucified; and yet this is not essential to this sacrament as neither is it to the Eucharist.

Articulus 4

Argumentum 1

Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod impositio manuum sacerdotis requiratur ad hoc sacramentum.

Dicitur enim Marc. Ult., super aegros manus imponent, et bene habebunt.

Aegri autem spiritualiter sunt peccatores, qui recipiunt bonam habitudinem per hoc sacramentum.

Ergo in hoc sacramento est manus impositio facienda.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, in sacramento poenitentiae recuperat homo spiritum sanctum amissum, unde ex persona poenitentis dicitur in Psalmo, redde mihi laetitiam salutaris tui, et spiritu principali confirma me.

Sed spiritus sanctus datur per impositionem manuum, legitur enim Act. VIII, quod apostoli imponebant manus super illos, et accipiebant spiritum sanctum; et Matth. XIX dicitur quod oblati sunt domino parvuli ut eis manus imponeret.

Ergo in hoc sacramento est manus impositio facienda.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, verba sacerdotis in hoc sacramento non sunt maioris efficaciae quam in aliis sacramentis. Sed in aliis sacramentis non sufficiunt verba ministri, nisi aliquem actum exerceret, sicut in baptismo, simul cum hoc quod dicit sacerdos, ego te baptizo, requiritur corporalis ablutio. Ergo etiam, simul cum hoc quod dicit sacerdos, ego te absolvo, oportet quod aliquem actum exerceat circa poenitentem, imponendo ei manus.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod dominus dixit Petro, quodcumque solveris super terram, erit etc., nullam mentionem de manus impositione faciens. Neque etiam cum omnibus apostolis simul dixit, quorum remiseritis peccata, remittuntur eis.

Non ergo ad hoc sacramentum requiritur impositio manuum.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod impositio manuum in sacramentis ecclesiae fit ad designandum aliquem copiosum effectum gratiae, quo illi quibus manus imponitur, quodammodo continuantur per quandam similitudinem ministris, in quibus copia esse debet. Et ideo manus impositio fit in sacramento confirmationis, in quo confertur plenitudo spiritus sancti; et in sacramento ordinis, in quo confertur quaedam excellentia potestatis in divinis ministeriis; unde et II Tim. I dicitur, resuscites gratiam dei quae est in te per impositionem manuum mearum.

Sacramentum autem poenitentiae non ordinatur ad consequendum aliquam excellentiam gratiae, sed ad remissionem peccatorum.

Et ideo ad hoc sacramentum non requiritur impositio, sicut etiam nec ad baptismum, in quo tamen fit plenior remissio peccatorum.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod illa manus impositio non est sacramentalis, sed ordinatur ad miracula facienda, ut scilicet per contactum manus hominis sanctificati etiam corporalis infirmitas tollatur.

Sicut etiam legitur de domino, marci VI, quod infirmos impositis manibus curavit; et Matth. VIII legitur quod per contactum leprosum mundavit.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod non quaelibet acceptio spiritus sancti requirit manus impositionem, quia etiam in baptismo accipit homo spiritum sanctum, nec tamen fit ibi manus impositio.

Sed acceptio spiritus sancti cum plenitudine requirit manus impositionem, quod pertinet ad confirmationem.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod in sacramentis quae perficiuntur in usu materiae, minister habet aliquem corporalem actum exercere circa eum qui suscipit sacramentum, sicut in baptismo et confirmatione et extrema unctione. Sed hoc sacramentum non consistit in usu alicuius materiae exterius appositae, sed loco materiae se habent ea quae sunt ex parte poenitentis.

Unde, sicut in eucharistia sacerdos sola prolatione verborum super materiam perficit sacramentum, ita etiam sola verba sacerdotis absolventis super poenitentem perficiunt absolutionis sacramentum. Et si aliquis actus corporalis esset ex parte sacerdotis, non minus competeret crucesignatio, quae adhibetur in eucharistia, quam manus impositio, in signum quod per sanguinem crucis christi remittuntur peccata. Et tamen non est de necessitate sacramenti, sicut nec de necessitate eucharistiae.