1

Three Letters

To my companion Gregory.

I recognized your letter, just as men recognize their friends' children by the likeness to their parents that appears in them. For to say that the character of the place is not of great importance in creating in your soul an impulse toward our way of life, before you learn something about our character and conduct, was truly a thought of your own, and of your soul which esteems all things here as nothing in comparison with the blessedness laid up for us in the promises. But what I myself do in this remote spot, night and day, I am ashamed to write. For I have left the distractions of the city as occasions of countless evils, but I have not yet been able to leave myself. But I am like those at sea who, through inexperience in sailing, are distressed and seasick; who are annoyed by the size of the ship as causing a great deal of pitching, and moving from it to a boat or a skiff, are everywhere seasick and distressed; for their nausea and bile follow along with them. Such, then, is our case. For carrying about our indwelling passions, we are everywhere with the same disturbances, so that we have gained no great benefit from this solitude. But the things we ought to do, and by which we might have been able to follow the footsteps of Him who has guided us to salvation—for "if any man," He says, "will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me"—are these. It is fitting to try to keep the mind in tranquility. For just as an eye that is constantly roving, turning now to the sides, now being frequently shifted up and down, cannot see clearly the object before it, but the sight must be fixed on the thing seen, if it is to get a clear view of it; so too a man's mind, distracted by countless worldly cares, cannot possibly gaze intently on the truth. But the one not yet yoked in the bonds of marriage is agitated by raging desires and ungovernable impulses and certain disastrous loves; while the one already bound to a spouse is awaited by another turmoil of cares: if childless, a desire for children; when children are obtained, anxiety for their upbringing; watching over a wife, care of a household, supervision of servants, losses in contracts, quarrels with neighbors, entanglements in lawsuits, the risks of business, the toils of farming. Each day comes bringing its own shadow to the soul. The nights, taking up the cares of the day, deceive the mind with the same phantoms. And of these things there is one escape, separation from the whole world. But withdrawal from the world is not to be outside of it bodily, but to tear the soul from its sympathy with the body, and to be without city, without home, without private property, without friends, without possessions, without livelihood, without business, without dealings, ignorant of human learning, ready to receive in the heart the impressions produced by divine teaching. And preparation of the heart is the unlearning of the doctrines which from evil habit have preoccupied it. For it is not possible to write on wax without first smoothing away the characters already there; nor to impart divine doctrines to a soul without removing its preconceived notions from habit. To this end, solitude provides us the greatest benefit, by calming our passions and giving reason the leisure to cut them out of the soul completely. For just as wild beasts are easily overcome when they have been soothed, so also are desires and angers and fears and griefs, the venomous evils of the soul,

1

Epistulae tres

Γρηγορίῳ ἑταίρῳ.

Ἐπέγνων σου τὴν ἐπιστολήν, ὥσπερ οἳ τοὺς τῶν φίλων παῖδας ἐκ τῆς ἐπιφαινομένης αὐτοῖς ὁμοιότητος πρὸς τοὺς τεκόντας ἐπιγινώσκουσιν. τὸ γὰρ μὴ μέγα εἶναι φῆσαι τὴν τοῦ τόπου κατασκευὴν πρὸς τὸ ἐμποιῆσαι ὁρμήν τινα τῇ ψυχῇ σου εἰς τὸν μεθ' ἡμῶν βίον, πρὶν ἂν περὶ τοῦ τρόπου τι μάθοις καὶ τῆς διαγωγῆς, σὸν ἦν ὄντως τὸ διανόημα καὶ τῆς σῆς ψυχῆς τῆς πάντα τὰ τῇδε μηδὲν τιθεμένης πρὸς τὴν ἐν ἐπαγγελίαις ἡμῖν ἀποκειμένην μακαριότητα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἃ μὲν ποιῶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τῆς ἐσχατιᾶς ταύτης, νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας, γράφειν αἰσχύνομαι. κατέλιπον μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἐν ἄστει διατριβὰς ὡς μυρίων κακῶν ἀφορμάς, ἐμαυτὸν δὲ οὔπω ἀπολιπεῖν ἠδυνήθην. ἀλλ' ὅμοιός εἰμι τοῖς ἐν θαλάσσῃ ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὸν πλοῦν ἀπειρίας ἀπολλυμένοις καὶ ναυτιῶσιν· οἳ τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ πλοίου δυσχε ραίνουσιν ὡς πολὺν τὸν σάλον παρεχομένῳ, κἀκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τὸν λέμβον ἢ τὸ ἀκάτιον μεταβαίνοντες, πανταχοῦ ναυτιῶσι καὶ ἀποροῦνται· συμμετ έρχεται γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἡ ἀηδία καὶ ἡ χολή. τοιοῦτον οὖν τι καὶ τὸ ἡμέτερον. τὰ γὰρ ἔνοικα πάθη συμπεριφέροντες πανταχοῦ μετὰ τῶν ὁμοίων θορύβων ἐσμέν, ὥστε οὐδὲν μέγα τῆς ἐρημίας ἀπωνάμεθα ταύτης. ἃ μέντοι ποιεῖν ἔδει καὶ ὅθεν ὑπῆρξεν ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν ἰχνῶν ἔχεσθαι τοῦ πρὸς σωτηρίαν καθηγησαμένου-εἴ τις γάρ, φησί, θέλει ὀπίσω μου ἐλθεῖν, ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἀράτω τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθείτω μοι-ταῦτά ἐστιν. Ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ τὸν νοῦν ἔχειν πειρᾶσθαι προσήκει. ὡς γὰρ ὀφθαλμὸν περιαγόμενον συνεχῶς, καὶ νῦν μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ πλάγια περιφερόμενον, νῦν δὲ πρὸς τὰ ἄνω καὶ κάτω πυκνὰ μεταστρεφόμενον, ἰδεῖν ἐναργῶς τὸ ὑποκείμενον οὐχ οἷόν τε, ἀλλὰ χρὴ προσερεισθῆναι τὴν ὄψιν τῷ ὁρωμένῳ, εἰ μέλλοι ἐναργῆ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν θέαν· οὕτω καὶ νοῦν ἀνθρώπου ὑπὸ μυρίων τῶν κατὰ τὸν κόσμον φροντίδων περιελκόμενον ἀμήχανον ἐναργῶς ἐνατενίσαι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ. ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν οὔπω τοῖς δεσμοῖς τοῦ γάμου κατεζευγμένον λυσσώδεις ἐπιθυμίαι καὶ ὁρμαὶ δυσκάθεκτοι καὶ ἔρωτές τινες δυσέρωτες ἐκταράσσουσι· τὸν δὲ ἤδη συγκαθειργμένον ὁμοζύγῳ ἕτερος θόρυβος τῶν φροντίδων ἐκδέχεται· ἐν ἀπαιδίᾳ, παίδων ἐπιθυμία, ἐν τῇ κτήσει τῶν παίδων, παιδοτροφίας μέριμνα· γυναικὸς φυλακή, οἴκου ἐπιμέλεια, οἰκετῶν προστασίαι, αἱ κατὰ τὰ συμβόλαια βλάβαι, οἱ πρὸς τοὺς γείτονας διαπληκτισμοί, αἱ ἐν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις συμπλοκαί, τῆς ἐμπορίας οἱ κίνδυνοι, αἱ τῆς γεωργίας διαπονήσεις. πᾶσα ἡμέρα ἰδίαν ἥκει φέρουσα τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπισκότησιν. αἱ νύκτες, τὰς μεθημε ρινὰς φροντίδας παραλαμβάνουσαι, ἐν ταῖς αὐταῖς φαντασίαις ἐξαπατῶσι τὸν νοῦν. Τούτων δὲ μία φυγή, ὁ χωρισμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου παντός. κόσμου δὲ ἀναχώρησις, οὐ τὸ ἔξω αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι σωματικῶς, ἀλλὰ τῆς πρὸς τὸ σῶμα συμπαθείας τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπορρῆξαι καὶ γενέσθαι ἄπολιν, ἄοικον, ἀνίδιον, ἀφιλέταιρον, ἀκτήμονα, ἄβιον, ἀπράγμονα, ἀσυνάλλακτον, ἀμαθῆ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων διδαγμάτων, ἕτοιμον ὑποδέξασθαι τῇ καρδίᾳ τὰς ἐκ τῆς θείας διδασκαλίας ἐγγινομένας τυπώσεις. ἑτοιμασία δὲ καρδίας ἡ ἀπομάθησις τῶν ἐκ πονηρᾶς συνηθείας προκατασχόντων αὐτὴν διδαγ μάτων. οὔτε γὰρ ἐν κηρῷ γράψαι δυνατόν, μὴ προκαταλεάναντα τοὺς ἐναποκειμένους χαρακτῆρας· οὔτε ψυχῇ δόγματα θεῖα παραθέσθαι, μὴ τὰς ἐκ τοῦ ἔθους προλήψεις αὐτῆς ἐξελόντα. πρὸς δὴ τοῦτο μέγιστον ὄφελος ἡμῖν ἡ ἐρημία παρέχεται, κατευνάζουσα ἡμῶν τὰ πάθη καὶ σχολὴν διδοῦσα τῷ λόγῳ παντελῶς αὐτὰ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκτεμεῖν. ὡς γὰρ τὰ θηρία εὐκαταγώνιστά ἐστι καταψηχθέντα, οὕτως ἐπιθυμίαι καὶ ὀργαὶ καὶ φόβοι καὶ λύπαι, τὰ ἰοβόλα τῆς ψυχῆς κακά,